Design Guidelines: Public Buildings

Design Guidelines: Public & Government Buildings
School, Research Laboratories, Library, Museums, City Halls, Civic Centers, Hospitals, Fire Stations, Police Stations, Parks, Embassies, Penitentiaries, Sports Center, Churches, Seminary, Memorial Parks, Cemeteries, Public Markets

School
- Identify primary users classification – pre-school, elementary, secondary and tertiary.
- Consider the three major components of the academe – instruction, reasearch and extention.
- Lecture room size as per DECS/CHED requirements shall be 8.00 mts. x 9.00 mts. for 40 students. Laboratories/studios vary according to nature of activity and equipments involved.
- All doors must swing out towards the corridor side.
- Provide ample movement facilities like hallways, emergency exits, etc.
- Safety and security measures.
- Provide ancilliary facilities.



Research Laboratories
- Holding area for specimens.
- Provisions of work stations and technical library.
- Records vault must be provided.
- Safety and security, surveillance system.
- Databank facilities.


Library
- Determine book holdings.
- Use of ICT features.
- Provide book repairs and work area.
- Ample storage facilities.
- Dumbwaiter must be provided for multi floor libraries
- Ample light and ventilation.




Museums
- Careful study of circulation system / flow of viewers.
- Provide vault for priceless collections
- Provide vault for priceless collections
- Adequate curatorial spaces.
- Flexible service entrance for large exhibit materials.
- Safety and security.


City Halls / Civic Centers
- Application of all laws and provisions on design and construction.
- Heavy, public-oriented / transactional areas must be at the ground floor.
- Presence of government line agencies.
- Flagpole and assembly areas.
- Provide social and recreational facilities.


Hospital
- Strict zoning of areas as to sterile/non-sterile; private/public; quite/noisy etc.
- Relationships of major divisions – OPD, Emergency, Clinical, Surgical, Wards, Administrative, Ancilliary, facilities.
- Create a healing environment.


Fire Stations
- Sanctity of the apparatus floor
- Provide hose tower for hose drying and training.
- Study equipment/apparatus flow.
- Quarters and living areas.
- Administration and nightwatch must be public oriented.
- Equipment storage and facilities like oxygen refill, etc.
- Ancilliary facilities.


Police Stations
- Provide an authoritative booking counter.
- Armory must be near office of station commander.
- Safety and security features.
- Cell separation.
- Quarters and lounge.
- Other ancilliary facilities.


Parks
- Consider specific use like children’s botanical etc.
- Landscaping features are important considerations.
- Harmonious zoning of spaces and facilities
- User friendly, safety and security features.
- Color, texture and forms are salient design factors that must be carefully considered
- Openness quality, free-flowing movement
- Segregation of areas of different activities and features.
- Create harmonizing features/elements
- Provide ancilliary facilities.



Embassies
- Delineation of consular affairs, attaches portfolio office; and ambassadorial office.
- Security safety and evacuation features.
- Quarters for staff and residential units
- Public / social spaces considerations.
- Country image.


Penitentiaries
- Classification of areas by concentric arrangement like maximum security-inner space; medium security-middle space; and light security-outer precincts.
- Security/surveillance features
- Recreational/occupational areas.
- Humane environment.
- Ancilliary facilities.


Sports Center
- Provision of facilities accordingly to sport to be accommodated
- Areas for multi purpose activities.
- Provide ample toilet, shower, locker dressing facilities.
- Main floor shall be convertible for other functions.
- Public spaces like bleachers and stadium galleries must be adequately provided with ambulatory features and amenities.
- Underfloors shall be promoted for other uses like rentable spaces or storage facilities.
- Use of resilient materials
- Ancilliary facilities



Churches (Catholic)
- Follow Design standards for Catholic churches set forth by the episcopal commission as implemented by the office of the Arzobispado de Manila and the CBCP
- Know the placement of the nave side altars, sanctuary/altar, perpetual adoration chapel of the sacrament, baptistry, sacristy, choir, rectory, bell tower, etc. and their features.
- Must be conscious of heritage, practices, rituals, and traditions.
- Must be user friendly.
- Must exude piety and serenity.
-


Seminary
- Strict zoning of areas according to basic funtions like private, semi-private and public.
- Provide spaces that are conducive for vocation formation.
- Optional provision of Chastity alley if required.
- Provide adequate spaces for spiritual, academic, recreational, social, and cultural.
- Provide ancilliary facilities


Memorial Parks / Cemeteries
- Consider Zoning of areas according to classification like, ground plots, garden types, mausoleums, Crypt, Cineraria, Angelorio etc.
- Provide amenities for users
- Provide ample parking spaces and convertible spaces especially during all Saint’s Days.
- Create visual focus, terminal, anchorage.
- Critical consideration for landscaping elements.
- Serene and spiritually motivating ambiance.
- Provide ancilliaries.


Public Markets
- Consider the three basic areas – wet, semi-wet and dry markets
- Ventilation and exhaust system must be adequate.
- Fire protection/Suppression system and features.
- Stall size must be in the module 3.00 x 3.00 mts for flexibility of lessee requirements.
- Waste disposal system.
- Provide market master office, storage facilities, and other ancilliary spaces.
- Regional form and image must be incorporated.
- Parking facilities for delivery and the public must be amply provided.
- MRF facilities needed


SLAUGHTERHOUSE
- Sanitation features
- Loading and unloading docks must be carefully planned.
- Poultry and cattle holding stations must be provided
- Waste disposal system.
- Carcass hanger system must be provided.
- Quarters for staff.
- Ancilliary facilities

Design Guidelines: Terminals

DESIGN GUIDELINES: OTHER BUILDINGS
Seaports, Airports, Bus Terminals, Marina

SEAPORTS
- Passenger and cargo traffic must be segregated
- Terminal building must be provided with appropriate facilities for the passengers/users
- If coast guard offices is required it must be provided with communication facilities.
- Land transportation access must be included.
- Passengers concourse / lounges / waiting area must be enough especially during peak season.
- Safety and Security features.
- Porterage facilities.
- Storage facilities must be adequate.
- Be aware of the ships portside in relation to the quay
- Provide breakwater and sandbars if necessary.
- Slipways are optional.
- Other support facilities



AIRPORTS
- Consider the two major areas – airside and landside.
- Terminal buildings must have good circulation in terms of passengers and cargo movements.
- Safety and security features.
- Basic amenities
- Provision of airline and courtesy counters
- Portage facilities
- Apron for services at the tarmac area
- Control towers must the most visible feature
- Ample greeters space and parking facilities.


BUS TERMINALS
- Bus circulation in relation to ingress/egress points not the passengers boarding line.
- Passengers concourse must be large enough to accommodate seasonal peaks
- Quarters for driver and conductors.
- Bus service areas for repair/chek-up with for mechanics and other staff.
- Dispatchers booth.
- Ancilliaries


MARINA
- Provision of clubhouse and boardwalk
- Boat/yacht mooring area
- Breakwater features for containment and water stability.
- Boatshed/repairs area.
- Ancilliaries.

Design Guidelines: Commercial

DESIGN GUIDELINES: COMMERCIAL & BUSINESS
Banks, Hotels, Resorts, Cinemas, Theaters, Sound Studio, Recording Studio

BANKS:
- The vault shall be located at the most secured, independent spot within the bank itself, minimum wall thickness shall be 0.30 mtrs. with steel lining.
- The manager’s cubicle/office needs to be near the public area contrary to conventional layout of having it secured inside the clerical pool.
- Clear definition of the banking floor and the clerical area must be established
- Straightforward circulation
- Security is primordial so that spatial arrangements must promote this quality/need.

HOTELS:
- Guest’s needs must be a primary consideration.
- Guest’s rooms must be provided with adequate facilities according to accommodations, say, single, double, triple, twin, family, suite types, etc.
- Internal toilets and baths are acceptable since active ventilation is expected. Bed areas must be more exposed to window areas and views.
- Guest room wing must have housekeeping room per floor.
- Kitchen areas must so accessible to function areas like the banquet hall, ballroom. Function rooms, poolside and coffee shops.
- Laundry areas / storage facilities / service areas must be adequate and accessible but away from public view.
- Concierge / administration / business center must be accessible from all points.
- Hospitable atmosphere must pervade in the whole hotel setting.

Resorts:
- Design according to classification like beach resort, mountain resort, island resort, specialty resort, etc.
- Consider their peculiarities.
- Guests amenities must be a primary consideration
- Provide bed and dine facilities
- Safety and security features
- Think of new design idea, making it different from the rest
- If swimming pools are provided, consider organically designed ones like free flowing forms, vanishing edges etc.
- Provide ancilliary facilities.


Cinemas / Moviehouses:
- Sightlines in relation to the screen and seating location arrangement must be carefully studied according to the 60 degrees cone of correct vision.
- Fire protection system and exits must be equitably distributed.
- Acoustical treatment / lighting allocation especially on aisles.
- Active ventilation system and utilities.


Sound Studio:
- Control booth at high location with inclined viewing glass for full command of the production floor.
- Catwalks must be provided for light control
- Provide cyclorama at main backdrop for visual illusion of space.
- Provide adequate work space for scenographics construction.
- Dressing rooms with T&B for talents

Recording Studios:
- Provide sound lock and acoustical treatments.
- Apply the “principle of a box within a box”.
- Control booth with sound consoles.
- Double glazing of glazed portions of walls, doors, and windows/ portholes.
- Floor must be floating or suspended with isolators
- No walls shall be perpendicular with each other
- For re-recording studies (dubbing), provide projector and perforated screen with sound effects pit

Design Guidelines: Industrial

DESIGN GUIDELINES: INDUSTRIAL / AGRO-INDUSTRIAL
Industrial Estate, Large Scale Industry, Factories, Shipyards, Mixed Industrial

Industrial Estate:
- Zoning and clustering of related and/or complementing industries.
- Pollution control facilities.
- Careful organization of road networks for facility in movement.
- Safety and security.
- Establish spatial interrelationship between administrative and productive areas.


Large-Scale Industry (Manufacturing):
- Eco-environmental considerations in terms of pollution they create buffer zone must be created.
- Roadway system must accommodate movement of large vehicles and equipments.
- Site zoning according to activities must be clearly established like administrative zone, danger / offensive / prohibited zones, etc...
- Site utilities like powerhouse, transformer vault, water storage, effluent containment, waste management, fire protection, STP, and the like must be integrated showing their appropriate location and possible capacities they serve
- Safety features must be included

Factories:
- Internal zoning of spaces are required. Color coding of areas (floor finish) are preferred to monitor movement of personnel.
- Catwalks can be provided for easy monitoring. System supervisors must be provided with work stations/areas
- Clinic must be near the production areas as accidents occur mostly here.
- Loading/unloading zones for finished products and raw materials must be properly located in relation to storage facilities.
- Pollutants must be checked by providing features to treat them.

Shipyards:
- Stockyard must be large enough to accommodate volume of materials.
- Tidal basin must be deep enough to accommodate large vessels.
- Dry and wet docks must be so located to be oriented towards the waterfront.
- Slipway must be provided
- Boatshed for boat repair must be provided.

Mixed Industrial:
- Vegetative zone between the two major areas must be provided.
- Confinement of each areas to a prospective spot defining certain treatments about their atmosphere.
- Eco-environmental features
- Promotion of facilities for industrial peace and harmony.
- Provide recreational areas and mandatory communal facilities.

Utilities (Building Systems) Principles of Electricity

PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY

Definition of Electricity:

Below are the most common meanings of the word Electricity. Which one do you think is right?

- "Electricity" means electric charge.
Examples: CHARGES OF ELECTRICITY. COULOMBS OF ELECTRICITY.

- "Electricity" refers to the flowing motion of electric charge.
Examples: CURRENT ELECTRICITY. AMPERES OF ELECTRICITY.

- "Electricity" means electrical energy.
Examples: PRICE OF ELECTRICITY. KILOWATT-HOURS OF ELECTRICITY.

- "Electricity" refers to the amount of imbalance between quantities of electrons and protons.
Example: STATIC ELECTRICITY.

- "Electricity" is a class of phenomena involving electric charges.
Examples: BIOELECTRICITY, PIEZOELECTRICITY, TRIBOELECTRICITY, THERMOELECTRICITY, ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY ...ETC.

- Other less common definitions:
"Electricity" refers to the flowing motion of electric energy (electric power, Watts of electricity)
"Electricity" means electric field (Volts of electricity)
"Electricity" means the nitrogen/oxygen plasma (sparks of electricity)
"Electricity" is a field of science (Basic Electricity, Advanced Electricity)

If we wish to agree on a single correct definition of "electricity," below is the "clear" and "simple" description of electricity that results:

Electricity is a mysterious incomprehensible entity which is invisible and visible at the same time.
It is both matter and energy.
It's a type of low-frequency radio wave which is made of protons.
It is a mysterious force which looks like blue-white fire and yet cannot be seen.

When electricity flows through a light bulb's filament, it gets changed entirely into light.Yet no electricity is ever used up by the light bulb, and every bit of it flows out of the filament and back down the other wire. College textbooks are full of electricity, yet they have no electric charge.

Electricity is a class of phenomena which can be stored in batteries!

If you want to measure a quantity of electricity, what units should you use? Why Volts of course. And also Coulombs, Amperes, Watts, and Joules, ALL AT THE SAME TIME.

Yet "electricity" is a class of phenomena; it's a type of event. Since we can't have an AMOUNT of an event, we can't really measure the quantity of electricity at all, right?

So never ask "WHAT IS ELECTRICITY". Instead, discard the word "electricity" and use the correct names for all the separate phenomena.

Here are a few of them:
What is electric charge? What is electrical energy? What are electrons? What is electric current? What is an imbalance of charge? What is an electric field? What is voltage? What is electric power? What is a spark? What is electromagnetism? What is electrical science? What is electrodynamics? What is electrostatics? What are electrical phenomena?

These questions all have sensible answers. But if you ask WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?, then all answers you find will just confuse you, and you'll never stop asking that question.

Electricity. A form of energy produced by the flow of particles of matter and consists of commonly attractive positively (protons [+]) and negatively (electrons [-]) charged atomic particles. A stream of electrons, or an electric current.

Electricity \E`lec*tric"i*ty\, n.; pl. Electricities. [Cf. F. ['e]lectricit['e]. See {Electric}.]
1. A power in nature, a manifestation of energy, exhibiting itself when in disturbed equilibrium or in activity by a circuit movement, the fact of direction in which involves polarity, or opposition of properties in opposite directions; also, by attraction for many substances, by a law involving attraction between surfaces of unlike polarity, and repulsion between those of like; by exhibiting accumulated polar tension when the circuit is broken; and by producing heat, light, concussion, and often chemical changes when the circuit passes between the poles or through any imperfectly conducting substance or space. It is generally brought into action by any disturbance of molecular equilibrium, whether from a chemical, physical, or mechanical, cause.

Note: Electricity is manifested under following different forms:

(a) Statical electricity, called also Frictional or Common electricity, electricity in the condition of a stationary charge, in which the disturbance is produced by friction, as of glass, amber, etc., or by induction.

(b) Dynamical electricity, called also Voltaic electricity, electricity in motion, or as a current produced by chemical decomposition, as by means of a voltaic battery, or by mechanical action, as by dynamo-electric machines.

(c) Thermoelectricity, in which the disturbing cause is heat (attended possibly with some chemical action). It is developed by uniting two pieces of unlike metals in a bar, and then heating the bar unequally.

(d) Atmospheric electricity, any condition of electrical disturbance in the atmosphere or clouds, due to some or all of the above mentioned causes.

(e) Magnetic electricity, electricity developed by the action of magnets.

(f) Positive electricity, the electricity that appears at the positive pole or anode of a battery, or that is produced by friction of glass; -- called also vitreous electricity.

(g) Negative electricity, the electricity that appears at the negative pole or cathode, or is produced by the friction of resinous substance; -- called also resinous electricity.

(h) Organic electricity, that which is developed in organic structures, either animal or vegetable, the phrase animal electricity being much more common.

2. The science which unfolds the phenomena and laws of electricity; electrical science.

3. Fig.: Electrifying energy or characteristic.

electricity n1: a form of energy associated with moving electrons and protons 2: energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor [syn: {electrical energy}] 3: keen and shared excitement; "the stage crackled with electricity whenever she was on it"

Basic Terminologies:

Atoms and Molecules
Matter is anything that has weight and thus takes up space
All matter is made up of molecules
All molecules are made up of atoms
The atoms is made up of protons and neutrons in a nucleus forming shells around the – much like the solar system
Electrons have a negative charge and protons have a positive charge
The electrons can be forced to move from one atom to the next and this is accomplished using an electromotive force (EMF)
This movement of electrons is electric current

Electric Current:
- When electricity flows it is measured in amperes (coulombs per second)
- One ampere of current is when one coulomb (6 million million million electrons) move past a point in one second. Thus electrical current is the rate of flow of electricity
- To make the electricity flow, an electromotive force is required.

Example:
Let's imagine that you have a wire, and you somehow observe that 2 coulombs passes through the wire in one second. What is the value of the current?

Ans. 2 amperes

You observe charge going through a wire for 4 seconds, and you find that 20 coulombs passes. What is the current?

Ans. 5 amperes

Now, if you reallly understand what current is you can turn this around. In the problems above you were given the charge passing through a wire in a given amount of time. Turning that around we can ask a different question. If we have a constant current, I, flowing through a wire, then we can compute how much charge flows through the wire in some given time interval.

Say we have the following situation:
I = Current = 3.2 amperes
Time interval = 15 seconds.
Then we would know that the amount of charge that flowed through the wire in the 15 second time interval would be:
Total charge = 3.2 amperes x 15 seconds
= (3.2 coul/sec) x 15 sec
= 48 couloumbs

The flow of electricity has two major forms – DC and AC
Direct Current (DC) is the one that flows in the same direction continuously, intermittently, or pulsating.
Alternating current (AC) is the one that reverses direction at regular intervals

Electromotive Force
- Electromotive force is measured in volts
- EMF can be generated using batteries that operate from chemical reactions
- EMF can be generated by moving a conductor in a magnetic field (generators)
- EMF can be generated by rubbing two dissimilar materials together (car seats and you)
- EMF can be generated using many other means including light and pressure to crystals.
Resistance

Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electricity.
All known matter resist the flow of electricity.
The movement of electricity through a resistor causes some of the electrical energy to be converted to heat energy.
The unit of resistance is the OHM.

Electric Circuit:

A circuit is the path electricity takes as it flows from a battery through an object and back to the battery. One end of the connecting wire must touch the positive terminal (+) of a battery (or cell); the other end must touch the negative terminal (-) of a battery.

An Electric circuit is made from a power supply, wires and electrical devices. They must be connected without a break for electric current to flow around the circuit.
Switches control where the current flows. Circuit diagrams show how the parts of the circuit are connected. The parts of the circuit can be connected in different ways.

Ampacity:

Ampacity. "The current, in amperes, that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating." (Ampacity varies depending on many factors. You must use the appropriate NEC Tables to determine the correct ampacity.)

Relation between EMF, Current and Resistance (Ohm’s Law)

Ohm’s Law
By international standards, one volt is the amount of EMF required to move one ampere of current through a resistance of one ohm. Ohm’s Law is:
E = I x R I = E/R R = E/I

Example:
Given a circuit has a current of 4 amperes and a resistance of 10 ohms. What is the voltage?
E = I x R E(volts) = 4 amperes x 10 ohms = 40 volts

Given E = 120 volts, and resistance = 60 ohms, what is the current?
I = E/R = 120volts/60ohms = 2 amperes

Electric Circuits/Electric Currents
Discuss and review the vocabulary you will be using
circuit
volt
voltmeter
current
dry cell
ammeter
series
resistance
terminal
parallel
conductor
ampere
ohm
watt
fuse

ELECTRIC CURRENTS AND CIRCUITS

Electric current is the flow of electric charge from high potential to low potential. Therefore we say that current is caused by a potential difference. An electric circuit is a closed path through which charge can move (conductor).

When one coulomb of charge passes a given point every second, we say that a current of 1 Ampere (Amp or A) exists in the circuit.

How can the birds sit on the power lines without getting fried?
Why do electricians say, "It's not the volts, it's the amps that can hurt you."?

Answers:
#1 - The birds can sit on the power lines because there is very little potential difference between their feet and therefore very little current will go through them.
#2 Amps are the actual moving of charges, which can cause damage to you as well as interfere with the electrical activity in your body. Volts (potential difference) are what would cause the current to go through you. Volts do not travel through anything and therefore cannot hurt you. The only reason volts are dangerous is the amps they can generate! ResistanceA high voltage (potential difference) does not necessarily lead to a high current, it depends on the resistance of the material that the current has to go through.

The resistance of a wire depends on three things: what it is made out of (resistivity), the cross-sectional area of the wire, and the length of the wire.

The resistance can be calculated as follows: r = ρL/A where the ρ resistivity is found using the reference tables.

What is the resistance of 1.0 meters of Nichrome wire (diameter = 0.04318 cm)?

First we have to find the cross-sectional area (in m2) of the wire.
Assuming the wire is round the cross-sectional area is that of a circle, which is: A= πr2 = π (.0002159m) 2 and resistance is =10.2Ω

Electric Power and Energy:

Power is the rate that energy is transferred.
Power is measured in watts which are joules per second.
P=VI watts = volts x amperes

To calculate the energy (in joules) which is dissipated (lost) in a resistor during a certain period of time just multiply the power in watts times the time in seconds.

Another unit of energy is the kilowatt hour (kWhr). This is found by multiplying the power in kilowatts (1000 watts) times the time in hours.

Joules. The modern definition of the calorie is based one the meter-Kg-sec units and is defined as 4.184 joules. The joule is the unit of energy in meter-Kg-sec units.

Electric Circuits:
Electric circuits are complete paths including resistors made between the positive and negative terminals of a battery.
Multiple resistors can either be connected to make one path, called a series circuit or multiple paths, called a parallel circuit.

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL).
KCL states that the algebraic sum of the currents in all the branches which converge in a common node is equal to zero

sum(Iin )=sum(Iout )

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law.
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law states that the algebraic sum of the voltages between successive nodes in a closed path in the network is equal to zero.

Sum(E) = sum(IR)

KIRCHHOFF'S RULES. The following two rules are known as Kirchhoff's laws.
1. Junction or Point rule: Sum of all currents entering a junction must equal sum of currents leaving the junction.
2. Loop or Circuit rule: For a closed loop in a circuit, the algebraic sum of all potential changes encountered while completing a cycle around the loop must be zero. In this Loop rule, we may consider a rise in the potential to be positive and a drop in the potential to be negative.

Utilities (Electrical Systems) Wiring Materials

Fuse & Circuit Breaker:

Fuses and circuit breakers are designed to interrupt the power to a circuit when the current flow exceeds safe levels. For example, if your toaster shorts out, a fuse or breaker should "trip", protecting the wiring in the walls from melting. As such, fuses and breakers are primarily intended to protect the wiring -- UL or CSA approval supposedly indicates that the equipment itself won't cause a fire.

Fuses contain a narrow strip of metal which is designed to melt (safely) when the current exceeds the rated value, thereby interrupting the power to the circuit. Fuses trip relatively fast which can sometimes be a problem with motors which have large startup current surges. For motor circuits, you can use a "time-delay" fuse (one brand is "fusetron") which will avoid tripping on momentary overloads. A fusetron looks like a spring-loaded fuse. A fuse can only trip once, then it must be replaced.

Breakers are fairly complicated mechanical devices. They usually consist of one spring loaded contact which is latched into position against another contact. When the current flow through the device exceeds the rated value, a bimetallic strip heats up and bends. By bending it "trips" the latch, and the spring pulls the contacts apart. Circuit breakers behave similarly to fusetrons - that is, they tend to take longer to trip at moderate overloads than ordinary fuses. With high overloads, they trip quickly. Breakers can be reset a finite number of times - each time they trip, or are thrown when the circuit is in use, some arcing takes place, which damages the contacts. Thus, breakers should not be used in place of switches unless they are specially listed for the purpose.

Neither fuses nor breakers "limit" the current per se. A dead short on a circuit can cause hundreds or sometimes even thousands of amperes to flow for a short period of time, which can often cause severe damage.

WIRING MATERIALS

Insulators and Conductors:
- Some materials such as wood and glass have high resistance and are called insulators.
- Other materials have low resistance and are called conductors such as copper and aluminum

To keep electricity from flowing where it is not supposed to go, conductors are covered with insulators (insulated wire)

Insulators:

Amount and type of insulation is determined by the voltage that will exist between them.

Type of insulation is decided under which the conductors must operate with regard to heat, moisture, or other conditions that might have a deleterious effect on insulation.

NEC has established a system of letters that indicate their characteristics.
It may be noted that the letters R, RU and T refer to material (rubber, latex rubber, or thermoplastic)

Letters H refer to high temperature or heat resistant and W is moisture resistant.

Conductors:

Any metallic substance conducts an electric current.

The relative ability of a material to conduct is determined by its resistivity, expressed in ohms-circular mil per foot.

Best conductor is silver but very expensive. Choice is narrowed to copper and aluminum.
Copper is the most common and is stronger than aluminum.

For larger conductors, aluminum is preferred because of its lower cost and weight.

Heat on Conductors:

Greatest hazard conductors must endure is heat. Continued exposure to excessive heat causes insulation to become soft, melt and in extreme cases to burn.

This heat comes from two sources: ambient air surrounding the conductors or from the current the conductors must carry.

NEC has a table for each specific insulation that determine the current-carrying capacity (or ampacity) of each size of conductor.

Wire Sizes:

Wires are usually round and the unit for measuring the cross-sectional area of wires is the circular mil (abbreviated cmil).

A circular mil is a circle 0.001 inch in diameter.

A circular mil-foot is a circular wire 1 foot in length and I mil in diameter. This is used to express resistance of a wire.

American Wire Gauge (AWG):

AWG was developed to assure the manufacturers of conductors in sizes that will be suitable for all applications.

It assigns a number to a particular size of wire.

It starts with #40 as the smallest with a diameter of 3.145 mils.

The gauge numbers then descend in order to #000, the largest with a dia of 460 mils.

NEC is used to select a wire size for a given insulation as it establishes the allowable current capacity for each insulated wires.

Stranded Wires:

Consists of a group of wires which are usually twisted to form a metallic string.

Stranding improves the flexibility of a wire.

Multiply the circular-mil area of each strand by the number of strands to find the total circular-mil cross section.

An insulated stranded wire is called a cord.

Wire Size and Ampere of Circuit:

What size wire should I use? Here's a quick table for normal situations.
Gauge - Amps
14 - 15
12 - 20
10 - 30
8 - 40
6 - 65

RACEWAYS

A channel for holding wires, cables, or bus bars

May be in the form of a pipe called conduit; a thinner wall conduit called electrical metallic tubing; or a square sheet metal duct of which one side has a removable cover

All raceways are mechanically installed as a complete system with all necessary outlet boxes and fittings. Afterwards the conductors are installed (pulled through) the raceway.

A cable is a complete assembly consisting of conductors and raceways as a unit.
The raceway is actually a covering that may be either metallic or non-metallic.

Wiring Methods and Type of Raceway:

a. Metal-Clad Cable
- Code permits two types of metal-clad cable: AC and ACL
- The metal covering for these cables is a steel spiral wrapping that forms a flexible raceway
- Manufactured as a complete assembly with the conductors installed.
- AC is commonly known as BX cable and cannot be buried in concrete or damp or wet locations.
- ACL is a cable with lead-covered conductors available for wet locations.

b. Non-Metallic Sheathed Cable
- Has a nonmetallic covering of fabric or plastic.
- Available in size nos. 14 to 1 AWG in copper and nos. 12 to 2 AWG in aluminum conductors.
- Used extensively for wiring of buildings
- Nonmetallic sheathed cable is called Romex.

c. Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT)
- Has a thin wall that does not permit threading.
- Connectors and couplings are secured either by compression or set screws.
- An excellent raceway for conductors, can be buried in concrete but must not be subject to continuous moisture.

d. Rigid Conduit
- Has all the outward appearances of plumber’s pipe
- Have a smooth enameled interior to facilitate the pulling and installation of wires.
- Connections to boxes are made with locknuts and bushings after conduit is threaded.
- Used in most severe cases where the possibility of mechanical injury or the presence of moisture presents a problem.

e. Wireways
- Sheet-metal troughs with removable covers.
- Cannot be concealed, but are very useful in maintaining a complete raceway system when many devices must be interconnected in a limited area.

Selection of Raceways:
- A conduit or tubing system must be installed completely before conductors are inserted.
- In anticipation of larger loads, conduits larger that necessary may be installed.
- A maximum number of conductors are permitted in the standard sizes of conduit or tubing for new applications. (refer to tables)

Utilities (Electrical Systems): Wiring System

WIRING DEVICES
- The term includes all devices that are normally installed in wall outlet boxes, including receptacles, switches, dimmers, and pilot lights.

Receptacles:
- Identified by number of poles and wires.
- Special types such as explosion proof and specific usage types such as range receptacles are available.

Switch devices:
- Switches up to 30A that can be outlet-box mounted fall into this category.
- Normal constructions are single-pole, 2-pole, 3-way and 4-way.
- Operating handles are toggle type, key, push, touch, rotary and tap-plate types.
- Programmable switch is available which can readily program to switch the controlled circuit or device at preset times.

Outlet and Device Boxes:
- Generally of galvanized stamped sheet metal. PVC now available.
- Most common sizes are the 4” square and 4” octagonal boxes for fixtures and junctions.
- 4” x 2-1/8” box used for single devices where no splicing is required.

EMERGENCY/STANDBY POWER EQUIPMENT:
- emergency systems are used to supply electric power to equipment essential for safety to human life, upon interruption of normal supply
- included here are illumination of areas of assembly to permit safe exit.

Standby systems are divided into two categories: required and optional.
- The former are intended to power systems whose stoppage might create hazards or hamper fire-fighting operations.
- Optional systems are at the discretion of the owner intended to protect property and prevent financial loss.

An engine-generator set comprises three components: the fuel system, the set itself, and the space housing the unit.

Battery equipment used only to supply limited amounts of emergency power, primarily for lighting.

Grounding Electrode System:

The grounding electrode system is a method by which the neutral and grounding conductors are connected to the common "earth" reference. The connection from the electrical system to the grounding system is made in only one place to avoid ground loops.

The grounding electrode system is _not_ intended to carry much current. Ground faults (Ie: hot to grounded case short) are conducted down the ground wire to where it is interconnected with the neutral and hopefully the breaker/fuse trips. The grounding electrode does not participate in such a situation. While the conductors involved in this are relatively large, they're sized for lightning strikes and other extremely short duration events. The grounding electrode system is specifically _not_ expected to have enough conductivity to trip a 15A breaker.

The grounding electrode often has a moderately high resistance. For example, according to the NEC, an acceptable ground electrode system may have 25 ohms of resistance – only 5A at 120V, not enough to trip a 15A breaker.

A grounding electrode system usually consists of a primary grounding electrode, plus possibly a secondary electrode. A primary electrode can be (if in direct contact with the earth): 10' of ground rod. 10' of well casing or metallic water pipe (must be connected within 5' of pipe entrance to house). 20' of copper wire buried in the bottom of the footings. A secondary electrode will be required if the primary is a water pipe or (NEC) if the primary electrode is >25 ohms to the dirt.

Surges, spikes, zaps, grounding and your electronics:

Theoretically, the power coming into your house is a perfect AC sine wave. It is usually quite close. But occasionally, it won't be. Lightning strikes and other events will affect the power. These usually fall into two general categories: very high voltage spikes (often into 1000s of volts, but usually only a few microseconds in length) or surges (longer duration, but usually much lower voltage).

Most of your electrical equipment, motors, transformer-operated electronics, lights, etc., won't even notice these one-shot events. However, certain types of solid-state electronics, particularly computers with switching power supplies and MOS semiconductors, can be damaged by these occurances. For example, a spike can "punch a hole" through an insulating layer in a MOS device (such as that several hundred dollar 386 CPU), thereby destroying it.

The traditional approach to protecting your electronics is to use "surge suppressors" or "line filters". These are usually devices that you plug in between the outlet and your electronics.

Roughly speaking, surge suppressors work by detecting overvoltages, and shorting them out. Think of them as voltage limiters. Line filters usually use frequency-dependent circuits (inductors, capacitors etc.) to "tune out" undesirable spikes - preventing them from reaching your electronics.


ELECTRICAL SYSTEM AND MATERIAL: SERVICE AND UTILIZATION

Junction Box
A junction box is a box used only for connecting wires together. Junction boxes must be located in such a way that they're accessible later. Ie: not buried under plaster.

Utilities (Electrical Systems): Service & Utilization

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM AND MATERIAL: SERVICE & UTILIZATION

ELECTRIC SERVICE:
Service is tapped onto the utility lines at a mutually agreeable point at or beyond the property line.

Overhead Service:
- low cost, easily maintained and repaired, and faults easily located

Types of overhead service:
a. bare copper cable – supported on porcelain or glass insulators on crossarms normally used for high voltage (2.4 kV and higher) lines.
b. Weatherproof – secondary circuits at 600V and below run on porcelain spool secondary racks with 1/c weatherproof cable as the conductor.
c. preassembled aerial cable – consists of three or four insulated cables wrapped together with a metallic tape and suspended by hooks from the poles.

Underground Service:
- Preferred in areas where there are extreme weather conditions, where combination of snow, wind and ice increase the possibility of outages.
- Attractiveness (lack of overhead visual clutter); service reliability, and long life.
- Disadvantage is high cost.

Types of underground wiring:
a. Direct burial – low cost and ease of installation
b. Direct burial duct – medium but little strength
c. Concrete encased duct – offers highest strength but expensive
- Cable used is the basic service entrance cable or type SE.
- When provided with moisture proofing, designation is SE type U or USE.
- Underground cable other than service runs is classified type UF (underground feeder).

SERVICE EQUIPMENT:

TRANSFORMERS

- A device that changes or transforms alternating current of one voltage to alternating current of another voltage.
- Transformer is used to step down an incoming 4160V service to 480V for distribution within a building. (from primary voltages-2400V and up, to secondary voltages-480V and below)
- Another transformer would be used in a local electric closet to step down the 480V to 240V or 120V.
- Specified by type, phase, kVA rating, sound level and insulation class.
- Transformers are available in single phase or three-phase construction and rated in kVA or kilovolt-amperes.

Types of transformers:
a) Dry (air-cooled) – units in the 600V class usually installed indoors intended for general puspose light and power circuits.
b) Liquid filled – units rated above 5000V installed in substations mounted on concrete pad.

Cheapest cooling medium used is mineral oil but application is limited because of its flammability. New coolants are being developed but more expensive.
- Insulation used is either organic, inorganic, asbestos or silicone.

Transformer Outdoors:
- Service transformer bank is necessary when the facility utilization voltage is different from the utility voltage.
- Advantages are: no building space required; reduce noise problem within building; lower cost; ease of maintenance and replacement; no interior heat problem.

Transformers Indoors:
- Subject to stringent NEC regulations for safety.

Types:
a. oil-filled transformers – small size, low weight, low first cost, long life, excellent electrical characteristics but flammable and must be installed in a fire-resistant vault which involves heavy cost
b. non-flammable liquid-filled units – have most of the advantages of the above and do not require a vault unless voltage is very high. Requires a sump or catch basin for all of the contained liquid. Relatively high first cost.
c. dry-type units – shorter life, high noise level, greater weight and large size but is the majority choice. Advantage is ease of installation and almost unrestricted choice of location.

Transformer Vaults:
- basically a fire-rated enclosure, provided because of the possibility of transformer case rupture and an oil fire.
- Should be located where they can be ventilated to the outside air without use of ducts.

SERVICE EQUIPMENT ARRANGEMENTS AND METERING:

Metering:
- Provided at either the utility or facility voltage, and at either the service point or inside the building.
- Must be available for inspection and service
- Furnished and installed by the utility company.

Service Switch:
- The purpose is to disconnect all of the electric service in the building except emergency equipment.
- Located at a readily accessible spot near the point at which the service conductors enter the building.

Switches:
- Traditional electrical switching devices which close and open an electric current by physically moving tow electrical conductors into contact with each other to close the circuit, and physically separating them to open the circuit.
- Rated by current and voltage, duty, poles and throw, fusibility, and enclosure.
- Current rating of the switch is the amount of current that the switch can carry continuously and interrupt safely.
- General duty safety switches are intended for normal use in lighting and power circuits.
- HD or heavy duty switches are intended for frequent interrupting, high fault currents and ease of maintenance.
- Switch may be constructed with or without provision for fusing. Fusible switch if provided and non-fusible if otherwise.

Contactors:
- A switch that uses contact blocks of silver-coated copper, which are forced together to close the circuit or are separated to break the circuit.
- The common wall light switch is a small mechanically operated contactor
- A relay is a small electrically operated contactor.
- Most contactors are operated by means of an electromagnet that causes the contacts to close.
- They open by spring action or by gravity.
- Advantage of contactor over switches is their facility for remote control; switches are manually thrown.
- The magnetic contactor is inherently a remote-controlled device.

Special Switches:
- Remote-control switches – mechanically held, electrically operated contactor
- Automatic transfer switch – a double throw switch arranged so that on failure of normal service it automatically transfer to the emergency service. Control devices are voltage sensors that sense the condition of the service and operate the switch accordingly.
- Time-controlled switches – operation is time based.
- Solid state switches; programmable switches

CIRCUIT-PROTECTIVE DEVICES:
- To protect insulation, wiring, switches, and other apparatus from overload and short-circuit.

Fuses:
- Fuses contain a narrow strip of fusible link or metal which is designed to melt (safely) when the current exceeds the rated value, thereby interrupting the power to the circuit.
- Cartridge fuse when enclosed in an insulating fiber tube. Made up to 600A.
- Plug fuse when in a porcelain cup used normally in homes; rated 5A to 30A
- Fuses trip relatively fast which can sometimes be a problem with motors which have large startup current surges. For motor circuits, you can use a "time-delay" fuse (one brand is "fusetron") which will avoid tripping on momentary overloads. A fusetron looks like a spring-loaded fuse.

- A fuse can only trip once, then it must be replaced.

Circuit Breakers:
- An electromechanical device that performs the same protective function as a fuse and in addition, acts as a switch and is equipped with both thermal and magnetic trips.
- When the current flow through the device exceeds the rated value, a bimetallic strip heats up and bends, "trips" the latch, and the spring pulls the contacts apart
- The heavier the overload, the faster the trip action.
- Breakers can be reset a finite number of times - each time they trip, or are thrown when the circuit is in use, some arcing takes place, which damages the contacts. Thus, breakers should not be used in place of switches unless they are specially listed for the purpose.

Switchboards and Switchgear:
- Freestanding assemblies of switches, fuses, and/or circuit breakers, which normally provide switching and feeder protection to a number of circuits connected to a main source.
- Modern switchboards are enclosed in a metal structure.
- High-voltage equipment (above 600V) is referred to as switchgear.
- Main metal-clad switchgear is located in basements or housed in separate, well-ventilated, electrical switchgear rooms.


Unit Substations:
- An assembly of primary switch and fuse or breaker, step down transformer, meters, controls, buswork, and secondary switchgear is called a unit substation.

Panelboards:
- Same function as switchboard but in a smaller scale.
- Accepts a relatively large block of power and distributes it in smaller blocks.
- Comprises main buses to which are connected circuit-protective devices (breaker or fuses), which feed smaller circuits.

Review Questions Tropical Design Part 2

1. A phenomenon where the urban temperature is hotter than rural temperature.
a) Albedo Effect
b) Urban Heat Island
c) Wind Shadow
d) Azimuth

2. The tendency of air or gas in a shaft or other vertical space to rise when heated, creating a draft that draws in cooler air or gas from below.
a) Coriolis force
b) Chimney Effect
c) Thermal Mass
d) Uniform Heat Emission

3. The total amount of rain, hail, snow, dew, measured in rain gauges and expressed in mm per unit time (day, month, year)
a) Cloud Cover
b) Precipitation
c) Humudity
d) Air Movement

4. Wind direction of Amihan.
a) NW
b) SE
c) SW
d) NE

5. Any cool mass that is available for the absorption of excess heat, including water bodies, the ground, and massive building materials.
a) Heat Sink
b) Water Features
c) Cooling Breezes
d) Radiant Cooling

6. Instrument used for measuring relative humidity
a) Thermometer
b) Hygrometer
c) Vane anemometer
d) Pyranometer

7. Wind direction of Habagat.
a) NW
b) SE
c) SW
d) NE

8. The temperature of the outside air in contact with a shaded wall or roof which would give the same rate of heat transfer and the same temperature gradient as the combined effect of solar radiation and air temperature.
a) Dry-Bulb Temperature
b) Wet-Bulb Temperature
c) Sol-Air Temperature
d) Surface Temperature

9. Measured by a pyranometer, on an unobstructed horizontal surface and recorded either as the continuously varying irradiance (W/m2), or through an electronic integrator as irradiance over the hour of the day.
a) Cloud Cover
b) Sunshine Duration
c) Dry-bulb Temperature
d) Solar Radiation

10. Integration in time of weather conditions, characteristics of a certain geographical location.
a) Climate
b) Temperature
c) Weather
d) Season

11. Maximum solar heat factor for roofs in warm humid tropics.
a) 3%
b) 4%
c) 5%
d) 6%

12. Regional climate
a) Mesoclimate
b) Macroclimate
c) Microclimate
d) Diurnal

13. Flow of heat through a material by transfer from warmer to cooler molecules in contact with each other.
a) Evaporation
b) Conduction
c) Convection
d) Radiation

14. Which of the following statements is not true?
a) Heat gain in the tropics is due mainly to solar radiation at the building surface.
b) In hot climates, heat gains are highest when there are low wind speeds.
c) Relative humidities in the tropical regions are very low.
d) Absorptivity of the surface to solar radiation is of primary importance in tropical regions.

15. Transfer of heat from one place to another by the flow of molecules from one place to another
a) Evaporation
b) Conduction
c) Convection
d) Radiation

16. Maximum solar heat factor for walls in warm humid tropics.
a) 4%
b) 5%
c) 6%
d) 7%

17. Range under which most people feel comfortable
a) “U” Value
b) Thermal Heat Capacity
c) Comfort Zone
d) Lowest DBT of the Year

18. What is the annual mean temperature if the highest DBT of the year is 37oC and the lowest DBT is 16oC?
a) 53oC
b) 26.5oC
c) 35oC
d) 17.5oC

19. What will be the center of the comfort range of the above in E.T.oC?
a) 23
b) 23.5
c) 23.82
d) 24

20. Rate of heat transfer that occurs through a unit thickness of material for a unit area subjected to a unit difference in temperature.
a) Conduction
b) Conductivity
c) Resistance
d) Resistivity

21. What is the conductivity of the wall with a thickness of 15cm, an area of 10sqm and temperature difference of 5oC? in W/moC
a) 0.003
b) 0.3
c) 13.33
d) 0.133

22. As a rough guide, the wind shadow will be _____ times the height of the building including the pitched roof.
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6





23. Wind speed increases rapidly as the percentage opening area in walls increases from 0 to _____%.
a) 10
b) 20
c) 30
d) 40

24. Conductivity is equivalent to which of the following?
a) Per meter thickness / (area*temp difference)
b) Per meter thickness / (volume*temp difference)
c) Area / (per meter thickness*temp difference)
d) Volume / (per meter thickness*temp difference)

25. The rate of flow of radiant heat from the sun can be found from the ________ when it is placed over the sun path diagram.
a) Electromagnetic Waves
b) Conductivity
c) Radioactive Waves
d) Radiation Overlay

26. Angle of the sun above the horizon, measured from the horizon.
a) Azimuth
b) Sun Path
c) Latitude
d) Altitude

27. What is the resistivity of the wall with a thickness of 10cm, an area of 15sqm and temperature difference of 3oC? in moC/W
a) 0.5
b) 0.03
c) 450
d) 4.5

28. Heat gain in the tropics is mainly due to what?
a) High Air Temperatures
b) Solar Radiation
c) High Humidity
d) Evaporation

29. Which of the following is true?
a) Resistivity is Proportional to Conductivity
b) Resistivity is Inversely Proportional to Conductivity
c) Resistivity is Equal to Conductivity
d) Resistivity is the Ability to Resist Radiation.

30. Wind speed __________ with the increase in height above the ground.
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Is not Affected
d) Deflects

31. What is the “U” value of a wall with an external surface resistance of 0.05, wall layers with total resistance of 0.21 and internal surface resistance of 0.12 and a wall thickness of 0.25m? (resistance in m2 oC / W)
a) 0.38
b) 0095
c) 10.52
d) 2.63

32. What is the resistance of a brickwork wall layer if the thickness is 20cm and resistivity is 0.83m oC / W? (in m2 oC / W)
a) 16.6
b) 0.166
c) 0.042
d) 4.15

33. What is the rate of heat flow Q through a wall if there is a steady temperature difference of 15oC between the inside and outside of such a wall and the area of the wall is 40sqm and a “U” value of 2.2 W / m2oC and a wall thickness of 20cm? (in Watts)
a) 6600
b) 66
c) 264
d) 1320



34. Results from the movement of molecules by pumps, fans, or other movement caused by external forces.
a) Hot Air Rising
b) Conductance
c) Natural Convection
d) Forced Convection

35. What is the sol-air temperature if the outside wall surface resistance is 0.05m2 oC / W. a maximum radiation of 500 W/ m2; an absorptivity of 0.35; an outside temperature of 25oC; and thickness of wall of 20cm? (in oC)
a) 33.75
b) 6.75
c) 168.75
d) 13.75

36. Angle of the position of the sun along the horizon, measured to the east or west from true south.
a) Azimuth
b) Altitude
c) Latitude
d) Sun path

37. What is the resistivity of the wall with a thickness of 10cm, an area of 15sqm and temperature difference of 3oC? in m2oC/W
a) 4.5
b) 0.45
c) 450
d) 45

Review Questions Tropical Design Part 1

1. A phenomenon where the urban temperature is hotter than rural temperature.
a) Albedo Effect
b) Urban Heat Island
c) Wind Shadow
d) Azimuth

2. The tendency of air or gas in a shaft or other vertical space to rise when heated, creating a draft that draws in cooler air or gas from below.
a) Coriolis force
b) Chimney Effect
c) Thermal Mass
d) Uniform Heat Emission

3. The total amount of rain, hail, snow, dew, measured in rain gauges and expressed in mm per unit time (day, month, year)
a) Cloud Cover
b) Precipitation
c) Humudity
d) Air Movement

4. Wind direction of Amihan.
a) NW
b) SE
c) SW
d) NE

5. Any cool mass that is available for the absorption of excess heat, including water bodies, the ground, and massive building materials.
a) Heat Sink
b) Water Features
c) Cooling Breezes
d) Radiant Cooling

6. Instrument used for measuring relative humidity
a) Thermometer
b) Hygrometer
c) Vane anemometer
d) Pyranometer

7. Wind direction of Habagat.
a) NW
b) SE
c) SW
d) NE

8. The temperature of the outside air in contact with a shaded wall or roof which would give the same rate of heat transfer and the same temperature gradient as the combined effect of solar radiation and air temperature.
a) Dry-Bulb Temperature
b) Wet-Bulb Temperature
c) Sol-Air Temperature
d) Surface Temperature

9. Measured by a pyranometer, on an unobstructed horizontal surface and recorded either as the continuously varying irradiance (W/m2), or through an electronic integrator as irradiance over the hour of the day.
a) Cloud Cover
b) Sunshine Duration
c) Dry-bulb Temperature
d) Solar Radiation

10. Integration in time of weather conditions, characteristics of a certain geographical location.
a) Climate
b) Temperature
c) Weather
d) Season

11. Maximum solar heat factor for roofs in warm humid tropics.
a) 3%
b) 4%
c) 5%
d) 6%

12. Regional climate
a) Mesoclimate
b) Macroclimate
c) Microclimate
d) Diurnal

13. Flow of heat through a material by transfer from warmer to cooler molecules in contact with each other.
a) Evaporation
b) Conduction
c) Convection
d) Radiation

14. Which of the following statements is not true?
a) Heat gain in the tropics is due mainly to solar radiation at the building surface.
b) In hot climates, heat gains are highest when there are low wind speeds.
c) Relative humidities in the tropical regions are very low.
d) Absorptivity of the surface to solar radiation is of primary importance in tropical regions.

15. Transfer of heat from one place to another by the flow of molecules from one place to another
a) Evaporation
b) Conduction
c) Convection
d) Radiation

16. Maximum solar heat factor for walls in warm humid tropics.
a) 4%
b) 5%
c) 6%
d) 7%

17. Range under which most people feel comfortable
a) “U” Value
b) Thermal Heat Capacity
c) Comfort Zone
d) Lowest DBT of the Year

18. What is the annual mean temperature if the highest DBT of the year is 37 oC and the lowest DBT is 16 oC?
a) 53 oC
b) 26.5 oC
c) 35 oC
d) 17.5 oC

19. What will be the center of the comfort range of the above in E.T. oC?
a) 23
b) 23.5
c) 23.82
d) 24

20. Rate of heat transfer that occurs through a unit thickness of material for a unit area subjected to a unit difference in temperature.
a) Conduction
b) Conductivity
c) Resistance
d) Resistivity

21. What is the conductivity of the wall with a thickness of 15cm, an area of 10sqm and temperature difference of 5 oC? in W/m oC
a) 0.003
b) 0.3
c) 13.33
d) 0.133

22. As a rough guide, the wind shadow will be _____ times the height of the building including the pitched roof.
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6

23. Wind speed increases rapidly as the percentage opening area in walls increases from 0 to _____%.
a) 10
b) 20
c) 30
d) 40

24. Conductivity is equivalent to which of the following?
a) Per meter thickness / (area*temp difference)
b) Per meter thickness / (volume*temp difference)
c) Area / (per meter thickness*temp difference)
d) Volume / (per meter thickness*temp difference)

25. The rate of flow of radiant heat from the sun can be found from the ________ when it is placed over the sun path diagram.
a) Electromagnetic Waves
b) Conductivity
c) Radioactive Waves
d) Radiation Overlay

26. Angle of the sun above the horizon, measured from the horizon.
a) Azimuth
b) Sun Path
c) Latitude
d) Altitude

27. What is the resistivity of the wall with a thickness of 10 cm, an area of 15 sqm and temperature difference of 3 oC? in m oC/W
a) 0.5
b) 0.03
c) 450
d) 4.5

28. Heat gain in the tropics is mainly due to what?
a) High Air Temperatures
b) Solar Radiation
c) High Humidity
d) Evaporation

29. Which of the following is true?
a) Resistivity is Proportional to Conductivity
b) Resistivity is Inversely Proportional to Conductivity
c) Resistivity is Equal to Conductivity
d) Resistivity is the Ability to Resist Radiation.

30. Wind speed __________ with the increase in height above the ground.
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Is not Affected
d) Deflects

31. What is the “U” value of a wall with an external surface resistance of 0.05, wall layers with total resistance of 0.21 and internal surface resistance of 0.12 and a wall thickness of 0.25m? (resistance in m2 oC / W)
a) 0.38
b) 0095
c) 10.52
d) 2.63

32. What is the resistance of a brickwork wall layer if the thickness is 20cm and resistivity is 0.83m oC / W? (in m2 oC / W)
a) 16.6
b) 0.166
c) 0.042
d) 4.15

33. What is the rate of heat flow Q through a wall if there is a steady temperature difference of 15 oC between the inside and outside of such a wall and the area of the wall is 40sqm and a “U” value of 2.2 W / m2 oC and a wall thickness of 20cm? (in Watts)
a) 6600
b) 66
c) 264
d) 1320



34. Results from the movement of molecules by pumps, fans, or other movement caused by external forces.
a) Hot Air Rising
b) Conductance
c) Natural Convection
d) Forced Convection

35. What is the sol-air temperature if the outside wall surface resistance is 0.05m2 oC / W. a maximum radiation of 500 W/ m2; an absorptivity of 0.35; an outside temperature of 25 oC; and thickness of wall of 20cm? (in oC)
a) 33.75
b) 6.75
c) 168.75
d) 13.75

36. Angle of the position of the sun along the horizon, measured to the east or west from true south.
a) Azimuth
b) Altitude
c) Latitude
d) Sun path

37. What is the resistivity of the wall with a thickness of 10cm, an area of 15sqm and temperature difference of 3 oC? in m2 oC/W
a) 4.5
b) 0.45
c) 450
d) 45

Spa Design Part 3

COMPONENTS OF A SPA FACILITY

a. THE BASICS
Reception Desk and Welcome area
Reservations and Scheduling
Retail/Spa Boutique
Men’s and Women’s Locker Rooms
Dry Treatment Rooms
Wet Treatment Rooms
European Hydro-Massage
Treatment Showers and Baths
Treatment Waiting Area
Treatment Lab

b. OPTIONAL
Private Relaxation/Meditation Areas
Men’s and Women’s Wet Areas
Common Wet Areas
Movement Studio
Fitness Equipment Studio
Swimming Pools and Aquatics
Administrative Offices
Staff Lounge
Storage Areas
Laundry Room
Spa Café and Juice Bar
Beauty Salon

FACILITY PLANNING AND DESIGN

A. ENTRY / RECEPTION
· Entry and Reception should provide a residential not institutional feeling

B. LOCKER ROOM / CHANGING / VANITY AREA
· Provide for appropriate number of half size lockers (two per full size locker banks) on each side
· Utilize movable benches or Ottomans on casters for seating by lockers
· Provide make-up lights around vanity mirrors on women’s side
· Provide wall mounted magnified shaving mirrors at vanity on men’s side
· Provide wall mounted hair dryer units at vanities on both sides
· Provide for electrical outlets above vanities
· Flooring in locker and changing area should be carpeted, all other areas tiled
· Provide for clean and soiled linen storage

C. WET FLOOR
· Provide wall mounted soap, shampoo & conditioner dispensers in showers
· Accommodate Sauna, Steam, Whirlpool and Cold Pool (if applicable)
· Provide lounge with water proof seating near each wet area
· Provide clothing hooks throughout area
· Flooring should be non-slip easily cleanable tileProvide for non-corrosive ventilation ducts in this area
· Outflow of HVAC should be provided for 25 air changes per hour
· Provide for ozone water purification system for whirlpools. (No smell!)
· Provide a self service water station
· Provide for clean and soiled linen storage
· Ceiling shall be waterproofed material or no ceiling, sloped ceiling. Note moisture from hot water.

D. TREATMENT ROOMS

1. WET TREATMENT
· A wet area treatment room should be near the wet area; Access to these treatment areas should be from both the men’s and women’s locker rooms through a hallway
· The area should include:
- treatment tables
- floor drain
- where required the following: sink, counter space, clean and soiled linen storage
- overhead showers or treatment shower or soak tubs
- infra-red heat lamps recessed into ceiling over each table
· easy to clean moisture resistant materials
2. DRY TREATMENT
· Rooms need to be sound insulated.
· Keep treatment areas as flexible as possible. Rooms to change when program changes
· located in “dry” therapy area. Tip: should have access to laundry storage and drop off
· Flooring can be vinyl tile, wood, or cushioned recreational surface. Tip: avoid tile, marble, or granite (too hard for the therapist to stand on
· Massage table: 1.8m x 0.75m (72”x30”) with an adjustable face cradle attached to the end of the table – adding another 12”. Table can be longer 2m x 0.75 if face hole is provided. Table upholstery should be made from Naugahyde with a smooth surface with medium firm padding. Table can have built-in shelves.
· Allow 0.8m-1m workspace around the massage table for therapist.
· Individual room, couples room, or common rooms. Room size: 3m x 4m
· washable wall paper or paint.
· Allow doors to open comfortably. use lever-type hardware for door knobs (therapists have oil on their hands). Doors for individual rooms must have visual access from hallway
· Indirect lighting with dimmer control on walls or overhead (not directly above massage table)
· windows lighting preferred with vertical, horizontal, or roman blinds.
· provide wall outlets at foot and sides of table, and a counter-height outlet for and essential oil diffuser. Tip: In-house phone with intercom in rooms is advised in larger facilities.
· One centrally located sound system, with speakers in each room that have an individual volume control knob.
· smaller rooms can have tables with built-in storage space for linens, towels, oils, bolsters etc.
· If room is too small to provide storage inside, storage directly outside room is necessary
· massage rooms scan have a small sink and linen cabinet. Tip: provide storage above and below sink; sink and cabinet should be in corner at an angle; sinks should have hot and cold water
· provide robe hooks

3. FEET & FACIALS
· located in “dry” therapy area with massage rooms, or in the Beauty Salon area.
· lounge and wait area should be within close proximity to the treatment rooms ( this minimizes traffic in between treatments).
· sink should be located behind lounge or to the side. (both hot and cold running water is necessary)
· floor must be non-porous, surface, smooth and washable
· laundry drop directly outside of rooms, preferably dropping into chute or carts
· millwork for cabinets must washable
· provide extra sound proofing in between rooms and hallways
· indirect lighting with dimmer control on wall or overhead at edge of ceiling, not directly over facial lounge; task lighting at counter surface. Tip: Provide separate overhead lighting for waxing, on separate switch. Mount items like mag and infra red lamps on walls to lessen wear and tear on equipment. Room does not require daylight.
· Wall outlet at foot and sides of table or facial seat; counter-height outlet for sterilizer, waxing unit, essential oil diffuser; in-house intercom in each room.
· Same sound system as for massage rooms-centrally located sound system with speakers in each room. Tip: each room needs individual volume control knob.
· Space requirement: 2.5m x 3m or 3m x 3m for each cubicle / room
· provide stool on rollers, with adjustable height and back support
· provide storage cabinet for professional products with locks and drawers for small tools; countertop for small sterilizer

E. CAFÉ/JUICE BAR

F. SALON
· related services such as nails, hair, and make-up can be integrated into the spa environment, and some are best offered in a separate salon area.
· Floors should be of a material that is easy to clean (ie. Vinyl tile)
· Lighting should be flattering to hair and Skin
· Include a separate small reception counter which also acts as the retail point of sale
· Clients must be able to directly access the salon from the women’s locker room

G. BACK OF THE HOUSE

STAFF LOUNGE
· Incorporated centrally near the treatment area
· Staff lounge facilities a mix of men and women
· Provide a lavatory and shower if space permits and quarter-size lockers along one wall (# depends on number of providers/therapists)

ATTENDANT STATIONS
· Add attendant stations (2.5m x 4m) at entrance to each locker room
· Provide provisions for safe deposit boxes (optional)
· Provide desk with locked drawers, key board, bulletin board, telephone, music control and linen storage

STORAGE
· Strategically place one or two inventory storage rooms
· Number and location depends on space limitations and facility usage
· Storage space should be accessible from men’s and women’s locker rooms, laundry and refuse areas

LAUNDRY
· Provide direct access for laundry dispersal and retrieval
· Provide a ramp into the laundry room through back of house passage
· Provide for in house storage of a minimum of two (1m x 1.5m) laundry carts
· Provide for in house storage of clean linens and towels in a centrally located area

DESIGN TIPS:

Materials: Non-corrosive materials should be used in all high moisture areas (Vents, ducts, drains, ceiling & wall cover); Easy to clean moisture resistant materials should be used in all high moisture areas; Consider using local materials and integrating cultural and artistic traditions

Create Texture: Use wall hangings, pillows, rugs and unique bed coverings to create texture and contrast in your spa. Locally made textiles embody a return to folkloric ideals and handmade crafts. Balance a combination of elements, such as reclaimed woods and other recyclables, textured glass, and metals such as copper and bronze.

Bring the Outdoors In: Create a sense of the outdoors indoors by using with waterfalls, bamboo, and stone. Natural elements such as calming waters and meditative gardens intrigue spa visitors as they experience the environment along with their treatments.

Don’t Forget Dramatic Doors: Pay attention to doors and entryways: they signify a “crossing-over” to a place where people can leave their everyday lives behind. “People are focusing on the client transition from the street to the spa interior,” says Clodagh. Water features, plants, and specialized lighting can liven up a plain looking door.

Choose Colors that Stimulate the Senses: Flat color is out, and color with depth and character is in. The design philosophy is to create environments that engage the senses. Splashes of color enliven our spirits; luxurious textures engage our touch; aromas tantalize our sense of smell. All aspects of design contribute to the overall experience and ultimately the success of a spa.”

see www.sanctuario.com.ph and http://www.metrolifestyledavao.com/bahia/index.html

Spa Design Part 2

DEFINITION OF SPA

There are various stories about the origin of the name.

The term is derived from the name of the town of Spa, Belgium, where since medieval times illnesses caused by iron deficiency were treated by drinking chalybeate (iron bearing) spring water.

A Belgian spring of iron bearing water was called Espa for "fountain", and was used in 1326 as a cure by an iron master with such success that he founded a health resort which developed into the town.It is also suggested that the term Espa may be derived from the name of the resort, and that its source could be the Latin word "spagere" meaning to scatter, sprinkle or moisten.

It is often suggested, with little evidence, that the word is an acronym of various Latin phrases such as "Salus Per Aquam” or "Sanitas Per Aquam" meaning "health through water", all of which seem to have modern sources.

According to the International Spa Association:
Spa - an entity devoted to enhancing overall well-being through a variety of professional services that encourage the renewal of mind, body and spirit.

TYPES OF SPAS:

Different kinds of spas serve different purposes.

A. according to treatment and services:

1) Day Spa – facilities have no overnight accommodations, offering beauty, wellness and relaxation programs that may last an hour. Many also offer salon services.

2) Destination Spa - Its sole purpose is to help you lead a healthier lifestyle through spa treatments, exercise, and educational programming like exercise classes, body treatments, mind-enrichment & stress-reduction activities, spa cuisine. You stay at least two nights. Some have minimum stays of three or seven nights. Spa cuisine is served exclusively

3) Medical Spa - A facility offering treatments that require a doctor’s supervision whose primary purpose is to provide comprehensive medical and wellness care in an environment that integrates spa services, as well as traditional, complimentary and/or alternative therapies and treatments. The facility operates within the scope of practice of its staff, which can include both Aesthetic/Cosmetic and Prevention/Wellness procedures and services

4)Holistic Spa - Spas focusing on alternative healing methods and nutrition, mainly vegetarian or macrobiotic holistic healing seeks "high level of wellness" integrating body and mind in a higher consciousness

5)Structured Spa - Spas with a strict set of rules whose entire facility is geared towards the achievement of a particular goal such as weight loss, or fitness.

6) Sports/Adventure Spa - Hotel or resort providing therapeutic baths and body treatment and that offer special sports and outdoor adventure programs that include anything from golf to skiing, fly-fishing to marathon conditioning.

B. according to location:

1) Club Spa - A day spa located in a fitness facility or health club whose primary purpose is fitness and which offers a variety of professionally administered spa services on a day-use basis.

2) Cruise ship spa – A spa aboard a cruise ship providing professionally administered spa services, fitness and wellness components and spa cuisine menu choices.

3)Mineral springs spa - A spa offering an on-site source of natural mineral, thermal or seawater used in hydrotherapy treatments.

4) Resort/hotel spa - Usually located in beautiful environments providing professionally administered spa services, fitness and wellness components and spa cuisine menu choices. In addition to the leisure guest, this is a great place for business travelers who wish to take advantage of the spa experience while away from home.

5) Airport Spa - It is located in an airport and specializes in short treatments aimed at the traveler, like 15-minute chair massage and oxygen therapy. Some also offer longer treatments.

To understand and organize this overwhelming variety of spa offerings, the International Spa Association (ISPA) has defined the "ten domains of SPA" or segments of the industry as:
1. "The Waters"
2. Food, Nourishment, Diet and Nutrition
3. Movement, Exercise and Fitness
4. Touch, Massage, and Bodywork
5. Mind/Body/Spirit
6. Aesthetics, Skin Care, Natural Beauty Agents
7. Physical Space, Climatology, Global Ecology
8. Social/Cultural Arts and Values, Spa Culture
9. Management, Marketing, and Operations10. Time, Rhythm, and Cycles

Not every spa includes every domain.

Spa- goers are drawn to indigenous treatments and products, especially when traveling. New textures, aromas and sounds with meaningful story-telling help forge connections to people, places and traditions.

see www.sanctuario.com.ph and http://www.metrolifestyledavao.com/bahia/index.html

Spa Design Part 1

INTRODUCTION

A business traveler wants to minimize jet lag. A mother of three wants some time to herself. A group of friends plans a birthday celebration. A man with back pain seeks relief. A teenager is troubled by acne. A weekend warrior is sore from overexertion. A man decides to stop smoking. A busy executive wants to rediscover spirituality. A woman wants help establishing a safe and effective exercise regimen. An obese man needs help controlling his weight. A pregnant woman wants to feel more comfortable. A couple wants to reconnect. Where can all these people go for help?

A spa.

Today’s spa is a center for healing and nourishing mind, body, and spirit. People go to spas for fitness, stress management, peace of mind, pampering and pleasure, and health and wellness. Spas offer a wide variety of techniques and services - traditional and modern, from the East and from the West - to meet the diverse needs of their clients: Swedish, Japanese Shiatsu, and Thai massage, European facials, acupuncture, Dead Sea salt scrubs, Moor mud wraps, thalassotherapy, aromatherapy, reflexology, microdermabrasion, endermologie, reiki, aura imaging, watsu, rasul, hypnotherapy, classes in nutrition, meditation, journaling, yoga and Tai Chi, state-of-the-art fitness centers with personal trainers, and much more.

Spas come in many shapes, sizes, and focuses - from day spas where you can get a single treatment to destination spas where you can stay for a week or more to medical spas that treat cosmetic and chronic health problems. Spas are everywhere. The number of spas in the U.S. grew at an annual rate of 21% from 1995-1999 and continues to show strong growth. Aggregate industry revenues grew by 114 percent between 1999 and 2001.The size of the United States spa industry in 2001 was estimated at 9,632 locations; in 2000, that number was 5,689.

Although spas seem to have sprung up overnight, that’s not the case. “The Waters” can be traced back to early civilizations. Like water, spa popularity has come in waves throughout history. Popularity of spas has accompanied cultures with leisure time. Social bathing was an important cultural process practiced by Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Minoans, Greeks, and Romans whenever they sought health and relief from their pain and disease. From the small Greek laconica grew the Roman balneum and finally the extravagant Roman thermae (Greek word for “heat”).

As the Roman Empire fell, the Roman thermae fell into disrepair and disuse. The bath gained and lost popularity in different parts of the world – Asia, Europe, Africa, and North America – through the present day. Baths were often built near natural hot or mineral springs. Towns like Spa, Belgium, Baden-Baden, Germany, and Bath, England, grew up around natural thermal waters considered to have healing properties. The use of saunas and steam baths also emerged. As these springs and spas were discovered, forgotten, and rediscovered, the healing power of the water was often enhanced and formalized.

With the medical discoveries of the early 20th century, scientific clinics and public hospitals replaced the spa. Existing spas responded by offering luxury accommodations, and many eventually turned into vacation locations or clinics that concentrated on weight loss, catering to the wealthy, with the spa origins obscured. In recent years, the value of prevention, healthy lifestyles, and relaxation has been rediscovered and the spa is again finding its place in modern society as a place uniquely qualified to address these needs. The wealthy no longer have exclusive use of spas. Spas now appeal to and are accessible to a much broader population.

Today’s spa is an interesting combination of ancient traditions and modern mechanical wonders. However, the heart of the modern spa, just as the ancient spa, is water and the rituals that evolve around it. The proper sequence of the typical spa ritual is cleaning, heating, treatment, and rest. The first step, cleaning, should be a visit to the shower to purify the body. The second step is to heat the body. Many spas offer heated whirlpools, saunas, and steam rooms. A short visit to each or any combination can heat the body (caution: this step should be eliminated for people with certain medical conditions). The third step is the treatment such as a body scrub and massage. The last and equally important step is rest. Today’s ritual is very similar to the spa ritual used at the Roman thermae.

There have been many recent additions to spa water therapies in recent times. The Jacuzzi whirlpool, a central fixture in many modern spas, was invented in the 1950s, followed by Hydrotherapy Tubs, Swiss Showers, Scotch Hoses, and Vichy Showers. In addition to these mechanical inventions, new therapeutic ways to use still water have been discovered: Floatation Therapy, Watsu, Wassertanzen, Water Dance, Liquid Sound, and Dreams and Rituals in Healing Waters have been developed. The spa today embraces and celebrates its origins in water and is constantly looking for new ways to express it.

see http://www.sanctuario.com.ph/ and http://www.metrolifestyledavao.com/bahia/index.html

Review Questions Planning2 Part1

1. Rebirth of classical towns; piazza planning in Venice; grandeur in civic structure and public spaces; streets were wide regular and circumferential with the piazza at the center as in Italy.
a) Renaissance
b) Medieval
c) Byzantine
d) Romanesque

2. He suggested the idea of “Linear City” from Cadiz, Spain across Europe through St. Petersburg, Russia in which he proposed that the logic of linear utility line should be the basis of all city lay-out.
a) Leonardo da Vinci
b) Ebenezer Howard
c) Daniel Burnham
d) Arturo Soria y Mata

3. Town design stems from their sense of the finite, the idea that all things should be of a definite size to be comprehensible and workable
a) Ancient Roman
b) Ancient Greek
c) Ancient Egyptian
d) Ancient American

4. In their towns, they choose another kind of module. They choose large modules in order to achieve a sense of overpowering grandeur.
a) Ancient Roman
b) Ancient Greek
c) Ancient Egyptian
d) Ancient American

5. Rectilinear land division during ancient times is a result of what?
a) Herding
b) Defense
c) Plow Farming
d) Politics

6. He believed the use of open space as element of urban system and the urban park as an aid to social reform.
a) Clarence Perry
b) Frederick Olmstead
c) Clarence Stein
d) Arturo Soria y Mata

7. It combined the advantages of the town by way of access and all the advantages of the country by way of the environment without any of the disadvantages of either.
a) New Towns
b) New Urbanism
c) Garden Cities
d) Neighborhood

8. According to him, the city was a totally designed system of main circulation arteries, a network of parks and clusters or focal buildings or building blocks of civic centers incl. city hall, a country court house, a library, an opera house, a museum, and a plaza
a) Leonardo da Vinci
b) Ebenezer Howard
c) Daniel Burnham
d) Arturo Soria Y Mata

9. He developed the neighborhood principle based on the natural catchment area of community facilities such as primary schools and local shops.
a) Clarence Perry
b) Frederick Olmstead
c) Clarence Stein
d) Arturo Soria Y Mata

10. He proposed “La Ville Radieuse (Radiant City)” anchored on the objective to decongest the centres of our cities by increasing their densities by building high on small part of the total ground area.
a) Leonardo da Vinci
b) Arturo Soria Y Mata
c) Le Corbusier
d) Frank Lloyd Wright

11. Radburn represented a dramatic advance in community planning. It introduced the following except one.
a) Introduced a hierarchy of roadways.
b) Deliberately separated pedestrian and vehicular traffic.
c) Introduced the concept of the residential superblock
d) Houses were oriented towards the streets

12. A center of activity; distinguished by virtue of its active function; it is a distinct hub of activity.
a) Paths
b) Nodes
c) Landmarks
d) Edges

13. The concept of the center is probably the single most important idea with which the designer works because of the following reasons except for one which is:
a) It gives the city imageability or a strong image.
b) Nodes are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are the intensive foci to and from which he is traveling.
c) Emphasize all parts of the city.
d) Lively, pedestrian-friendly downtowns with a mixture of stones, merchants, services and public spaces.

14. The choice the environment represents to the user.
a) Legibility
b) Permeability
c) Genius Loci
d) None of the Above

15. With their emphasis on street layout, they introduced the idea of major and minor streets – two main streets at right angles called “cardo” and "decumanus” dividing the town into four quarters.
a) Ancient Roman
b) Ancient Greek
c) Ancient Egyptian
d) Ancient American

16. First documented settlement with streets with a narrow main street heading uphill and a wider terminal which might be a social spot.
a) Jericho
b) Khirokitia
c) Catalhoyuk
d) Damascus

17. Ancient Egyptian settlements are characterized by the following except one.
a) Social classes determined housing sites.
b) Dependence on the Nile River.
c) Has zoning and defined blocks for housing.
d) Built reservoirs to store water and dug canals to carry it to the fields.

18. Ancient cities in Indus Valley well known for their impressive, organized and regular layout and had advanced and extensive drainage system.
a) Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
b) Thebes and Memphis
c) Eridu and Jericho
d) Damascus and Babylon

19. The first noted urban planner who introduced the grid system and the agora.
a) Arthemus
b) Hippodamus
c) Miletus
d) Spartacus

20. Chiefly remembered for his “Ideal” cities, star-shaped plan with streets radiating from a central point, usually proposed as the location for a church, palace, or possibly by a castle.
a) Leon Batista Alberti
b) Biaggio Rosseti
c) Peter Kropotkin
d) Andrea Palladio

21. A Russian-born geographer, author, and revolutionary, he suggested the use of electricity to allow towns to be built anywhere.
a) Tony Garnier
b) Arturo Soria Y Mata
c) Peter Kropotkin
d) Leon Batista Alberti

22. What became a major element of town planning and urban design during the Renaissance and Baroque periods,
a) Arts and Architecture
b) Universities
c) Coastal Towns
d) World Trade

23. A Spanish “Laws of the Indies” town classified as civil.
a) Pueblo
b) Poblacion
c) Mission
d) Presidio

24. The world’s largest officially recognized historical district designed by James Oglethorpe.
a) Charleston
b) Annapolis
c) Williamsburg
d) Savannah

25. A speculator’s town designed by William Penn.
a) Annapolis
b) Philadelphia
c) Chicago
d) New Harmony

26. City proposed by Robert Owens designed for 800 to 1200 persons with agricultural, light industrial, educational, and recreational facilities.
a) Radiant City
b) Ideal City
c) New Towns
d) Industrial City

27. The first garden city designed by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker in 1902.
a) Welwyn
b) Letchworth
c) Hampstead
d) London

28. Urban design with emphasis on grand formal designs, with wide boulevards, civic spaces, arts, etc.
a) Unite d’Habitation
b) Radburn
c) Le Contemporaine
d) City Beautiful

29. A concept coined by Jean Gottman for urban complexes used today to refer to massive urban concentrations created from strong physical linkages between three or more large cities.
a) Conurbation
b) Metropolis
c) Megalopolis
d) Barbican

30. Which of the following statements is not true?
a) Legibility is important at two levels: physical form and activity patterns.
b) Legibility in the old days: important buildings stood out.
c) Legibility of form and uses is reduced in the modern environment.
d) Separating pedestrians from vehicles also increases legibility.

31. Lack of connectivity is linked to ____________.
a) Vehicle Dependence
b) Consequent Significant Public Health Risk
c) Poor Health Benefits
d) All of the Above

32. Poor quality of public space and walkability can be linked to ________.
b) Bad Street Lighting
c) Perceived Lack of Safety
d) Personalization

33. Counters the gigantism of the metropolis and protect the residents from the hazards and convenience of the city.
a) Local Character
b) Neighborhood Character
c) Heritage Character
d) All of the Above

34. A city is an urban area differentiated from a town, village or hamlet by:
a) Size
b) Population Density
c) Legal Status
d) All of the Above

35. That knowledge of a place.
a) Sense Of place
b) Orientation
c) Interrelatedness
d) Gentrification

36. Supports choice by maintaining or enhancing the feature that make one place different from one another.
a) Urbanization
b) Urban Centers
c) Urban Character
d) Urbanism

37. The grid layout system of settlement had been the product of the ____________.
a) Herdsmen
b) Farmer
c) Fisherman
d) Anchorman

38. A building layout where buildings have two faces: the public face is the front of the building which faces the street where the entrances are; the private face is usually the back of the building and faces the inside of the block.
a) Strip Development
b) Cluster Development
c) Planned Unit Development
d) Perimeter Block Development

39. A successful place offers a mix of activities to the widest range of possible users. This is achieved by the following except one:
a) Uses create a balanced community with a range of services, without increasing the need for the car.
b) Narrow plot frontages allow small scale shopping and commercial activities to flourish.
c) Big shared structures such as superstores or multiplex cinemas can be wrapped by small plot units to create active frontages.
d) To promote social inclusion, social housing is distinguishable from private housing by its design or its location in less desirable sites.

Answers at: http://pupclass.blogspot.com/2008/06/answers-to-review-questions-planning2.html