Wednesday, December 3, 2008

Diversified Experience in Architecture DEA

Starting 24 Dec 08, DEA hours can be Earned while Still Enrolled

The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) promulgated on 03 October 2008 Resolution No. 09, series of 2008, which allows architectural students to again start logging their hours of diversified experience in architecture (DEA) starting 24 December 2008, while still enrolled.

The said practice was stopped in December 2004 with the PRC promulgation of the implementing rules and regulations (IRR) of Republic Act No. 9266 (The Architecture Act of 2004) which defined DEA as a post-baccalaureate activity.

Under Resolution 09, s. 2008, the certification of the logbooks for DEA shall be signed only by Mentor-Architects (who are Registered and Licensed Architects or RLAs). The certifications of DEA can be signed by the Deans of architectural schools only if they also act as the Mentor-Architects (RLAs) of the examinees.

The full text of Resolution 09, s. of 2008 can be found in the Latest Publications section of PRBOA website.


Tuesday, December 2, 2008

Continuing Professional Education CPE

PRC prescribes guidelines on Continuing Professional Education; Reconstitution of Architects' CPEC announced

In its Resolution No. 2008-465, the Professional Regulation Commission recently mandated all registered professionals to attend duly accredited continuing professional education courses from duly accredited continuing professional education provides. The aim of which to maintain their status in good standing in their respective professions and to ensure their competitiveness in the light of liberalization of trade in services under the 4th Protocol of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) pursued by the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the ASEAN where the Republic of the Philippines is an active member.

It may be noted that under the said protocol, the Philippines is mandated to ensure it can offer competitively to other WTO members professional services in Health and Education, Marketing and Distribution, Telecommunications, Business Outsourcing Services, Information Technology, Engineering, Architectural and other construction services, Tourism and allied services, Transportation and Logistic services, among others.

As a result of this resolution, all forty-four (44) state-regulated professions shall undergo the continuing professional development (CPD) program in order that all PRC-registered and licensed professionals shall be afforded opportunities to improve their stock knowledge and the skills pertaining to their chosen professions, i.e. to keep abreast with global professional practices and to help make the Filipino regulated professionals truly world class.

Among the key innovations/ differences with the previous continuing professional education (CPE) programs are:

1. that the new CPD program shall be strictly voluntary (and NOT mandatory); as such, no CPD credit units shall be required by the PRC for the renewal of the PRC identification (ID) cards i.e. the three (3)-year PRC-issued licenses to practice architecture;

2. that testing and the passing of CPD tests/ examinations shall be mandatory to earn the full credit units.

The CPD requirement for professional self-improvement shall still be at twenty (20) credit units a year or sixty (60) credit units for the three (3) year period covered by a renewed PRC ID/ license to practice.

Cognizant of this responsibility to hone and improve the knowledge and skills of regulated professionals, the Professional Regulatory Board of Architecture (PRBoA) announced that the Architects’ Continuing Professional Education Council (CPEC) will be formally reconstituted and members shall be sworn into office by the PRC on Thursday, 18 September 2008 at the 3rd Floor of the PRC Main Building, Paredes St., Manila from 1:00 PM to 3:00 PM.

The CPEC for Architects shall have three (3) members appointed by / nominated from the: 1) Professional Regulatory Board of Architecture (PRBoA); 2) the United Architects of the Philippines (UAP); and 3) the Council of Deans and Heads of Architectural Schools in the Philippines (CODHASP).

The primary functions of the CPEC include but are not limited to: 1) the accreditation of CPD Providers i.e. institutions, organizations, schools, firms and individuals; and 2) the approval of CPD courses.

The future of CPD may include the following: 1) the use of earned CPD units (in parallel consideration of verifiable professional practice duly certified by the IAPoA and/or the PRBoA) to lead to the granting by the PRBoA of a Certificate of Specialized Practice in Architecture; and 2) the possible use of the same CPD credits earned to lead to the possible granting by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) of a possible academic degree (to be possibly based on equivalencies to be officially established and approved by the CHED).

For RLAs wishing to avail of CPD credits, these may be earned through the following modes:

1) CPD program offerings/ courses by CPD Providers duly accredited by the Continuing Professional Education Council (CPEC) for Registered and Licensed Architects (RLAs) and approved by the PRC; 2) CHED-recognized graduate (masters) and post-graduate (doctoral) academic degrees earned via residential or distance modes; 3) Self-directed Learning Packages; 4) Authorship; 5) Invention; 6) Post Graduate/ In-Service Training; and 7) Study/ Observation Tours; 8) Professorial Chairs; and 9) Other modes recommended by the CPEC for PRC approval.

Sunday, November 23, 2008

Bahay Pinoy Update

You can now view more information about the "Bahay Pinoy" Bamboo House Design Competition at http://bahaypinoy2008.blogspot.com

Saturday, November 15, 2008

Module 2 Site Selection and Resource Analysis

“For every site, there is an ideal use. For every use, there is an ideal site”


Site Selection Criteria

GROSS SITE SELECTION - most preferable site in a larger milieu.

DISCRETE SITE SELECTION - sites within the locale identified in the gross site selection process

FUNCTIONAL SITE SELECTION - done in a big site where project is just part of the whole. Provide a “best use analysis” to determine best spot.

MAJOR SITE SELECTION CRITERIA:

Formulation should be based on the specific site needs of the project.

Establishes site values highly compatible with the requirements of the project

Considered as the most potent ones in creating the tone for site selection


MINOR SITE SELECTION CRITERIA:

Factors that are usually considered and is generally applicable to most type of projects, like utility systems, accessibility, and the like.


Devise rating scale:

 Numerical rating:
3 – highly desirable
2 – desirable
1 - undesirable

Baseline Information

The process of site planning begins with the gathering of basic data relating specifically to the site under consideration and the surrounding areas.

This include such items as:
a. assessment of the natural environment and the associated physical characteristics of site
b. detailed analysis of the users
c. assessment of potential of site
d. assessment of possibilities
e. assessing the impact on the natural and visual environments

Systematic Summary of Findings
Information must be organized to permit an easy evaluation of the possible development options.

Sieve-mapping – an overlay method of mapping natural determinants used to determine the suitability of a particular site for prospective land uses.

Sieve mapping can be done manually using acetates or vellum, or thru the use of computer softwares like CADD and GIS.

SIEVE MAPPING
a. each natural factor like geology and soils is illustrated in maps on vellum or acetate.
b. Opportunity maps are produced from a composite of maps.
c. Constraint maps – constraints to development must be mapped for each component to show their influence on development.
d. Synthesis of opportunities and constraints is formed to produce a suitability map for a prospective use.

Summary of Site Analysis:

One of the most important parts of any comprehensive site evaluation, a summary site analysis illustrates the interrelationship of a site’s spatial, natural, and cultural conditions

The analysis should delineate the portion of the parcel most suited to development as well as any ecologically sensitive areas.
Areas in need of more detailed evaluation also should be identified.

Analysis should be straightforward and present information in its most basic and meaningful form.

Site features or conditions that most directly affect the development of the land should be graphically highlighted and illustrated.

Maps should include obvious factors such as rock outcroppings or wetlands as well as more subtle considerations such as the direction of a prevailing breeze or an unusual specimen tree.

Market Evaluation

Should be prepared concurrently with the site evaluation to determine a project’s likely market demand and the site’s realistic development and absorption potential.

Market operates according to traditions and principles that cannot be ignored.

Investigation should extend to the following:
a. Economic Factors
- economic conditions, trends, employment of prospective market

b. Demographic and psychographic factors
- income levels, age components, lifestyle
- who are the potential market?
- how does the local market differ from the overall metropolitan market?

c. Competitive factors
- How many competitors?
- What are their strengths and weaknesses?
- How well is it designed and marketed?
- What is needed to create a unique selling position?

d. Site Evaluation
- unlike site analysis, site evaluation examines area character, consumer traffic patterns, area services, and access routes from the consumer’s point of view.
- what is the overall perception of site location?
- is there a ready market to be tapped?
- what will consumers see on their way to the site that may influence their perceptions?

e. Demand determination
- who are the prospective users?
- what are their needs, wants, and desires?
- how will demand be satisfied?

f. Site programming
- based on market demand and development goals, specific land planning design recommendations should take into consideration theme, circulation patterns, relationship to adjacent sites, waterscaping or sitescaping, etc.

Alternative Plans and Concepts

Land and site evaluations are merged with the preliminary market information to test the program and to evaluate alternative layout concepts

Alternative solutions should be presented in diagrammatic for, enough at first to record only the essentials of a scheme.

Strategies for developing alternative site plans:
a. do not be satisfied with the first solution.
b. do not assume that there is only one way to make a proposed project work.
c. ask questions that elicit multiple answers.
d. recognize that a lot of ideas create better solutions.
e. ask “what if” questions
f. challenge the rules.

Selecting the Preferred Development Concept

Which solution….
a. …best satisfies the development’s program requirements and best fits the site?
b. …best satisfies the quality-of-place objectives established for the proposed project?
c. …can be implemented? The preferred solution is not necessarily the easiest one to implement.
d. …provides reasonable cost benefits?

Preferred development concept is likely to reflect a combination of several ideas uncovered through the comparison of alternative plans.

The opportunities and constraints related to the development criteria, development standards, local regulations should also be considered in the selection.

Final Development Plan

The planning and design process requires constant refinement and adjustment.

Feedback and continued testing should be an integral part of every phase as the plans move closer to completion.

Prepare schematic plans, preliminary development plans, phasing plans, final development plans

Friday, November 14, 2008

Ang Pinakamagandang Bahay sa Balat ng Lupa

Everyone thinks of their house as "home", the most beautiful place to be.

Most of housing designs have been modeled after European and American exemplars which are incongruous with our tropical climate. The resultant living conditions in these houses would then necessitate high energy and operating costs. The organizers feel it is time to challenge the aspirations of people through a redefinition of the concept of beauty in houses.

The competition aims to redefine the ideal of "beauty" or what is beautiful about a house to include sustainable concepts that will speak about how a house is lived in and how a house attuned to the tropical climate can be a beautiful place to live in.

Design Problem
The competition will be for the complete architectural design of a low-medium income housing unit to be constructed on a 200-square meter lot in the UP-Diliman Campus. Each competition category will be assigned its own lot. The parameters of the design problem are:

1. The house would serve the needs of a family of a maximum of five (5) persons.
2. The house design may be a starter house that can be adapted to meet the needs of a typical family as it grows and contracts as the children grow and then eventually leave home.
3. The cost of the house should be within the range of P750,000.00 – the maximum affordable economic housing loan of PAG-IBIG.
4. The house design should be in compliance with all building laws and regulations.

The design should be a statement of the designer's definition of "magandang bahay", demonstrating the following:

1. Incorporation of locally available sustainable /green systems and/or materials. Alternative building materials or construction systems should be both forward and backward integrating, i.e., they should have the potential for application to both low-cost and upscale construction scenarios.
2. Appropriateness of the house for tropical living
3. Feasibility of the design to meet cost requirements
4. Adaptability of the house design to meet the varied life patterns of potential users
5. The integrity of the design in incorporating all the requirements into a delightful whole

Prizes There are two categories and following prizes will be awarded per category:

Professional Category

1. First Place: PhP 100,000, plus plaque of award; Award of design contract for the implementation of the design.
2. Second Place: PhP 75,000, plus plaque of award
3. Third Place: PhP 50,000, plus plaque of award

Student Category

1. First Place: PhP 75,000, plus plaque of award;
2. Second Place: PhP 50,000, plus plaque of award
3. Third Place: PhP 25,000, plus plaque of award

4. The First Place winner for the Professional Category will be awarded the design contract to implement the winning design. The design will be built by LCSPI.
5. A professional will be commissioned by Lafarge Cement Services (Philippines), Inc. to execute the First Place winner for the Student Category.

FOR MORE DETAILS, VISIT:
http://www.geocities.com/pmbbl_2008

Wednesday, November 12, 2008

2008 YP Design Challenge winners announced

12 November 2008

Dear Sirs and Madams:

Greetings from TAO-Pilipinas!

We are pleased to announce the winners and finalists of the YP Design Challenge – Sustainable Shelter category. The jury panel composed of Arch/EnP. Arlene Lusterio of TAO-Pilipinas, Arch/EnP. Dinky von Einsiedel of CONCEP Inc. and PIEP, and Engr. Ramby Nolido of RA Nolido Construction Corp., deliberated on November 10, 2008 and selected the winning entries from among 22 submissions.

Selection of winning entries were based on the following criteria: Sustainable Design Features (25%); Originality and Innovativeness (25%); Cost-effectiveness (20%); Environmentally-sound Construction (20%); and Socio-Cultural Sensitivity and Affordability (10%).

First Award (PhP 20,000 prize)

No First Place was awarded by the jury.





Second Award (PhP 12,000 prize each)

Second Place was shared by two entries.Mark Cris Abarquez

Team members: Leonard Bryan T. Tecson, Johmar E. Beley

4th year BS Architecture students, Far Eastern University (FEU)

Adviser: Arch. Antonio C. De Vera


Jasmine M. Soriano

2008 BS Architecture graduate, Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP)





Third Award (PhP 8,000 prize)
Randy A. Amonoy

Team members: Jerome T. Dañas, Ildefonso M. Madiano Jr.

5th year BS Architecture students, Technological University of the Philippines (TUP)


Special Award for Innovation (PhP 5,000 prize)

Special Award was given by the jury for an entry that showed outstanding efforts

in specific aspects of the design proposal.Alvin C. Trinidad

4th year BS Architecture student, University of the Philippines (UP)

Adviser: Arch. Nicolo Del Castillo


Finalists

Short-listed entries that passed the final screening were categorized as Notable Designs.

Myra P. Ocampo

Team member: Muriel D. Sellote

4th year BS Architecture students, Far Eastern University (FEU)

Adviser: Arch. Antonio C. De Vera



Benjamin P. Casono

4th year BS Architecture student, University of the Philippines (UP)

Adviser: Arch. Nicolo Del Castillo



Franz Miko Verzon

2nd year BS Architecture student, University of Santo Tomas (UST)





The presentation boards of the winning entries and finalists may be viewed online at www.ypdesignchallenge.tao-pilipinas.org. Jury comments for each of the selected entries will also be posted online soon. TAO-Pilipinas shall organize the awarding ceremonies on December 2008 and exhibition of winning and notable designs by January 2009.



We also would like to inform you that the registration for the YP Design Challenge categories Portable Playground and Trash Transformation is still open. Registration deadline is on November 20 and the submission period is from November 26 to November 28, 2008. We hope that this new schedule would allow more of your students to join the design competition.



Again, we encourage your faculty to consider integrating the competition as a student design plate of your class for the semester. You may choose to register only your pre-selected top designs of the class (especially for professors using the design assignment as an internal class competition).



Thank you for allowing your students to incorporate the competition into their studies and supporting their efforts. We hope for your continued involvement with the project.





Most sincerely,
Ge


Geraldine R. Matabang

Young Professionals Program Coordinator

TAO-Pilipinas, Inc.

23A Matiyaga St., Bgy. Central, Diliman, QC

Telefax: 441-0998

Mobile: 0915-3166822

Tuesday, November 11, 2008

PRBOA June 2009 LEA Syllabi

To those reviewing for the June 2009 exam, please take time to read the proposed syllabi prepared by the PRBOA. Please take note of the coverage of the exam especially the aditional subject on architetcural interiors. It would be worthwhile to note that this subject was not included in your curriculum. If you have further comments, please write the PRBOA listed in my links. You can view the proposed syllabi at
http://architectureboard.ph/uploads/1223128778-draft_June2009%20LEA%20Syllabi.pdf

Tuesday, November 4, 2008

Rock World


Natural stones for your landscaping needs and for interior decorative accents refer to

http://philrockworld.blogspot.com

Saturday, November 1, 2008

Bahay Pinoy Design Competition

Slide 1






















THE “BAHAY PINOY” DESIGN COMPETITION is a project of the Rotary-UAP Joint Committee on Housing of the United Architects of the Philippines and Rotary Makati Central D-3830


The project shall be to design low-cost single-detached dwelling with a 20-30 sqm. floor area with no particular lot utilizing bamboo as the major building material for both structural and architectural components



WHO MAY JOIN

The competition is open to the following:

Category I - Registered Filipino Architect (Team/Individual)

Category II - Graduate of BS Architecture / Students (3rd year, 4th year & 5th year of architecture course)





COMPETITION TIMETABLE

Launching (October 25, 2008)

Deadline for registration (January 5, 2009)

Deadline for submission of questions (January 19, 2009)

Deadline to dispatch answers to questions (February 5, 2009)

Deadline for submission of entries (March 5, 2009)

Judging (March 12 – 15 , 2009)

Deadline for submission of boards by winners (April 15, 2009)

Awarding (April 25, 2009)


Registration Fee

Category I–ONE THOUSAND PESOS (PhP 1,000.00)
Category II-FIVE HUNDRED PESOS (PhP 500.00)


PRIZES

Category I

First Prize Php 100,000.00

Second Prize Php 50,000.00

Third Prize Php 10,000.00


Category II

First Prize PhP 25,000.00

Second Prize PhP 10,000.00

Third Prize PhP 5,000.00


DELIVERABLES

- Competition Entry Form

- Three (3) sets A3 size:

•- Architectural drawings showing perspective, plans,
four (4) elevations and two (2) sections.

•- Structural concept details of primary framing of walls,
columns and roof system.

•- Concept report/detailed drawings describing the design approach and
innovative features.

•- Direct cost estimate of the project.


After the deliberation and six (6) winners have been announced by the jury,
the six (6) winners will be notified through e-mail/fax/telephone and
be required to submit, re:

•Three (3) boards of A1 size (594mm x 841mm)

a) Board 1 – Perspective (eye-level)

b) Board 2 – Floor plan, 4 elevations & 2

sections
c) Board 3 – Concepts & Details


594mm (vertical) and 841mm (horizontal)


dimensions in metric scale preferably 1:100m.


Detailed cost estimate of the project.


Electronic files of each board in pdf format saved to a CD.


Instructions and Presentations

Drawings may be done in color or monochrome.

Boards shall have a 1mm black line all around, setback 25mm from the edge


COMPETITION SECRETARIAT

United Architects of the Philippines

53 Scout Rallos Street, Diliman, Quezon City

Telephone (63-2)4126364, (63-2)4126374 Fax (63-2)3721796

Email: bahaypinoy @ yahoo.com









Friday, October 31, 2008

Review Questions Utilities Part 5 Plumbing

I.

1. What ancient roman term refers to an individual who worked in the sanitary field of ancient Rome?

2. What is the title given to a person who is a skilled worker in the field of sanitation?

3. NPCP refers to:

4. Its complete RA no:

5. What is the meaning of BOD?

6. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with __________.

7. Plumbing is defined as the art and science of ___________ pipes, fixtures and other apparatus.

8. What is the general role of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering?

9. This promulgated the design and layout of a plumbing system that is governed by set of rules

10. In the 17th century, the English parliamentary passed the first ___________ laws.

II.

1. What period was plumbing revived? It is the period when Europe was plagued with epidemics.

2. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to presentation of the strength of ___________ and prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage.

3. In what civilization did the concept and importance of plumbing became more defined and appreciated?

4. The ability of an area resource system to support the activities of a given population.

5. ____________ is a part of ecosystem and is the major contributor to pollution of the environment.

6. ____________, including fixtures, shall be maintained and properly usable

7. This the pollutant that affects the quality of water due to impact of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) discharges, that rises when temperature rises.

8. An act which regulate the Practice of Sanitary Engineering in the Philippines.

III.

1. In 1907, a division of plumbing construction and inspection, with the city of Manila as a model, was headed by whom?

2. This act is known as __________ that was approved on June 18, 1955.

3. The liquid and water borne waste derived form the ordinary living process, free from industrial wastes, and of such character as to permit satisfactory disposal without special treatment into the public sewer or by means of private disposal system.

4. The 1999 NAMPAF Plumbing Code Review Committee President.

IV.

1. When was the Rep. Act No. 1378, also known as the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines approved?

2. When was the practice of Plumbing in the Philippines initiated?

3. What is the act for Water Quality Management?

V.

1. TRUE OR FALSE : Sanitation is the field of public health dealing with environmental degration and prevention and control of diseases

2. TRUE OR FALSE : The design and layout of plumbing system is governed by a set of rules promulgated by the National Standard Plumbing Code (NSPC)

3. Plumbarius is to individual who worked in the sanitary field, while Plumbum is to ___________.

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

I.

1. ___________ is the most satisfactory means of water distribution.

2. In this method of distribution, the excess water pumped during periods of low consumption is stored in elevated tanks or reservoir.

3. In dual main systems, ____________ are added on the south and west sides of streets and piping is generally placed beneath sidewalks.

4. ____________, sometimes called arterial mains, for in the skeleton of the distribution system.

5. ____________ is used for city water pipes.

6. ____________ is used for pipelines, truck mains and inverted siphon where pressures are high and sizes are large.

7. ____________ a stronger and more elastic type of cast iron used in newer plumbing installation.

8. A chemical reaction which involves the removal of metallic electrons from metals and formation of more stable compounds.

II.

1. Consist of a cylinder in which a piston or a plunger moves backwards and forwards.

2. Used to raise water from shallow depths and used most frequently for individual houses.

3. ____________ is a pump that increases the pressure within the distribution system or raise water to an elevated water storage tank.

4. Pump that lifts surface water and move it to a nearby treatment plant.

5. Pump that discharge treated water into arterial mains.

III.

1. Used to supply or remove water from a building.

2. Centrifugal casting on metal moulds is sometimes called ____________ .

3. Necessitates a large pipe or conduit so that velocities will be low but not low enough to allow sedimentation.

IV.

1. Generally, the equalizing volume of a water thank that is about ____________ of the total daily demand.

2. In residential areas having houses up to 4 storeys high, the pressure in the pipes should be between _____________.

V.

1. High service system is high lying areas; while _____________ is to low lying areas

2. TRUE OR FALSE : Water distribution is a network of pumps, pipelines, storage tanks and appurtenances.

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

I.

1. It is a special type of underground water that is found on islands or in the coastal regions near the sea.

2. This should be supplied with water in sufficient volume or at adequate pressure to enable them to function properly.

3. Flush tanks which are directly connected to the potable water supply system should be equipped with approved ___________.

4. _____________ is a junction between water supply systems through which water from doubtful or unsafe sources may enter an otherwise safe supply.

5. What are the 3 main sources of water supply?

6. _____________ is required to be installed so as to register the amount of water supplied to a building.

7. _____________ is used to prevent back siphonage.

8. ______________ permits water drawn into a fixture tank or similar devices to flow back into the supply line by gravity or siphonage.

II.

1. ______________ is when water contains visible material in suspension

2. ______________ is caused by material in solution or a colloidal state should be distinguished from turbidity.

3. The carbonate and bicarbonate of calcium, sodium and magnesium are the common impurities which cause ______________.

4. _______________ in water causes hardness, and in small amount it will cause taste, discoloration of clothes and plumbing fixtures and incrustations in water mains.

5. Excavation for the installation of underground water supply piping should be _____________.

III.

1. The proportional change in length corresponding to 1°F change in temperature is known as the _______________.

2. ________________ is water bearing stratum.

3. There are two types of well____________ & ____________.

SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

I.

1. The recommended slope for the house drain.

2. A type of house drain that receives the discharges of sanitary and domestic waste only.

3. A drainage pipe that carries on is designed to carry human excretement.

4. A drainage pipe that carries liquid waste that not include human excretement.

5. Water that is safe to drink, pleasant to the taste and usable for domestic purposes.

6. A communicable disease which may be transmitted by water include bacterial, viral and protozoal infections.

7. A water is _____________ when it contains visible material in suspension.

II.

1. MCL means

2. A type of house drain that receives discharges of sanitary as well as storm water.

3. This type of drain is now considered obsolete and not advisable.

4. In large buildings, _____________ are usually suspended from the basement ceiling.

III.

1. A cleanout shall be provided on the house drain as near as possible the ______________ of the building.

2. A kind of drain that should terminate into a separate drainage system.

3. The house drain should be provided with adequate number of _____________.

IV.

1. The complete PD No. of CODE OF SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES.

2. Boating, shooting or fishing should not be allowed within ____________ of the water intake.

V.

1. TRUE OR FALSE : In changing house drain directions, the branch shall be run at right angle as a floor drain.

2. TRUE OR FALSE : A cleanout extended above the floor can also be utilized as floor drain.

3. TRUE OR FALSE : All changes of direction shall be done with short radius fittings.

SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

I.

1. A concrete vault constructed for the collection of raw sewage sealed with a wooden shelter.

2. A receptacle in which liquids are retained for sufficient period to the deposit settle able material.

3. A hole in the ground with stone and bricks laid in such manner as to allow raw contaminated sewage to leach under the surface of the ground.

4. The main sewer is financed and maintained by ____________.

5. ____________ is the liquid conveyed by a sewer.

6. ____________ is water which enters sewers from surface sources such as graces in manholes, open cleanouts, perforated manhole covers and roof drains or basement sumps connected to the sewer.

7. A pipe venting acid waste system.

8. A watertight container of sewage.

II.

1. A permanently installed mechanical device for removing sewage or liquid waste from a sump other than ejector.

2. This bacteria functions in absence of free oxygen.

3. Considered as the oldest type of sewer.

4. Minimum width for septic tank.

III.

1. That portion of the horizontal drainage system which starts from the outer face of the building and terminate at the main sewer in the street or septic tank.

2. Sometimes referred to as “the collection line of a plumbing system.”

3. The septic tank should be double compartment and should be capable of holding how many times of daily waste water flow.

IV.

1. The complete RA No. of ECOLOGICAL SLOID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT 2000.

2. How many percent of the total sewage solids is organic and subject to rotting.

V.

1. TRUE OR FALSE : The minimum depth for septic tank is 1.20m

2. TRUE OR FALSE : No septic tank shall be installed within under a house.

TRUE OR FALSE : Septic tank should be located not less than 15m away from potable water to prevent contamination.

STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM

I.

1. What do you call the drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction of the drain pipe?

2. An element composed of an atom of Oxygen and two atoms for Hydrogen, otherwise known as H2O.

3. What is the immersion in a fluid for a definite period of time, usually expressed as a percent of weight of the dry pipe?

4. This type of storm drain is used in buildings located in congested business areas.

5. It is that unit of the plumbing system which conveys storm water to a satisfactory terminal.

6. It is often referred to as conductor or downspout. It is also the portion of the storm drainage system which extends between storm drain & the roof terminal

7. This type of storm drain is advisable on buildings where an ample amount of ground space between buildings is available.

8. A type of storm drain that is suspended from the basement ceiling by substantial hangers, placed at close intervals, and generally is adapted to buildings where public storm sewer is not sufficiently deep in the street.

II.

1. This is the type of storm drain located under the basement floor within the walls of the building and is used in buildings located in congested business areas.

2. What do you call that unit of the plumbing system which conveys storm water to a satisfactory terminal?

3. Rainwater piping should not be used as:

4. Roof drains shall not be made of __________.

III.

1. The outside roof leader is located on the _____

2. The inside roof leader is installed ___________

3. What do you call the drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction of the drain pipe?

4. All storm drains should be graded at least

5. This type of terminal should be used only where the public sewer discharges its contents into a terminal other than a disposal plant.

IV.

1. A connection and installation of rainwater systems are found in what section of the NPCP?

2. What chapter of the NPCP discusses about storm drainage system?

V.

1. The roof leader is extended _________ through the floors of the building to a point just below the roof & is then extended _________ to reduce the danger of breakage which may result because of expansion and contraction of the roof.

2. Conductor is to vertical; __________ is to horizontal

3. Catch basin is a receptacle in which _________ are retained for a sufficient period of time to allow settle able material to deposit

4. TRUE OR FALSE : The discharge capacity of the pipe varies according to its length and grade per foot.

5. TRUE OR FALSE : One factor which makes the sizing of storm drain difficult is the matter of grouping rainfall over a given period.

6. TRUE OR FALSE : Another element to consider in determining the size of the drain is the depth of the building.

7. TRUE OR FALSE : The storm drain is connected to the sewer at right angles by means of a 45° Y and curve assembled in exactly the same manner as a sanitary house sewer connection.

8. TRUE OR FALSE : The change of direction at the highest point of the conductor should be made by means of an elbow & 45° fitting.

9. TRUE OR FALSE : The base of the roof leader must be provided with a concrete or stone foundation.

10. TRUE OR FALSE : If the roof leader is constructed of galvanized steel, it must be supported at every floor with a pipe rest.

11. TRUE OR FALSE : Horizontal runs may not be suspended from band iron hangers or steel ring hangers anchored in the structure

12. TRUE OR FALSE : The roof leader is extended vertically through the floors of the building to a point just below the roof and is then extended horizontally to reduce the danger of breakage which may result because of expansion and contraction of the roof.

13. TRUE OR FALSE : A cast-iron strainer basket is attached to the drain to prevent stones, leaves and other materials from entering the conductor.

14. TRUE OR FALSE : Roof drains are provided with a copper flashing, or in some instances, with a cast-iron clamp so that the joint between the roof and the conductor will be water-tight.

15. TRUE OR FALSE : A roof leader may be terminated by placing a hub of cast-iron soil pipe flush with the roof.

14. TRUE OR FALSE : Roof drains are provided with a copper flashing, or in some instances, with a cast-iron clamp so that the joint between the roof and the conductor will be water-tight.

15. TRUE OR FALSE : Changes in direction of the roof leader must always be of short radius so the flow water in the conductor will not be retarded, except where the change is from horizontal to vertical direction.


PLUMBING MATERIALS

I.

1. Do appurtenances need direct connection to water supply?

2. What type of plumbing material is a water heater?

3. What do you call a faucet opened or closed by the fall or rise of a ball floating on the surface of water?

4. What is the most expensive type of all pipes?

5. What type of pipe is durable and has extreme resistance to corrosion?

6. What type of plumbing material is a water closet?

7. What type of pipe is the most specified material need for drainage installation in buildings?

8. What plumbing material receives water-bourn wastes?

9. What type of plumbing material is a soap dispenser?

II.

1. CISPI stands for:

2. “U” in UPVC stands for

3. The use of cast-iron pipes should be limited to buildings ______stories in height.

4. It is a non-metallic plumbing material?

5. Acid-resistant pipe usually is an alloy of cast-iron and ____________.

6. A gate valve whose body and bonnet are held together by a “u” bolt clamp.

III.

1. A device that discharges a predetermined quantity of water to fixtures for flushing purposes.

2. Pipes that are used to underground public sewers, house sewer and drains. It is made up of clay and also resistant to acids.

3. This type of trap is used in many localities where venting is not required by local ordinances. This device permits the waste to flow through it rapidly.

IV.

1. This policy creates, develops, maintain and improve the conditions under which man and nature can thrive in productive and enjoyable harmony with each other.

2. A decree instituting a water code, thereby reviving and consolidating the laws governing the ownership, utilization, development, conservation, etc. of water resources.

V.

1. The type of drain used in building located in congested business areas.

2. Ball cock is to input;__________ is to output.

3. Downspout is the __________ portion of rain water conductor

Wednesday, October 29, 2008

Module 1 Introduction Site Planning

Module 1 Introduction

Definition of Site Planning


Site planning is the art and science of arranging the uses of portions of land.

Site planners designate these uses in detail by selecting and analyzing sites, forming land use plans, organizing vehicular and pedestrian circulation, developing visual form and materials concepts, readjusting the existing landforms by design grading, providing proper drainage, and finally developing the construction details to carry out their projects.

Site planners arrange for the accommodation of the program of activities clients have specified.

They must relate these components to each other, the sites, and structures and activities on adjacent sites – for whether sites are small or big, they must be viewed as part of the total environment.

Site planning is the organization of the external physical environment to accommodate human behavior.

It deals with the qualities and locations of structures, land, activities, and living things.

It creates a pattern of those elements in space and time, which will be subject to continuous future management and change.

The technical output – the grading plans, utility layout, survey locations, planting plans, sketches, diagrams, and specifications -–are simply a conventional way of specifying this complex organization.

Site Concepts and Principles (Kevin Lynch)


- Every site is a unique interconnected web of things and activities that imposes limitations and offers possibilities.

- A site or project/planning area varies in size, location and characteristics. (can be located anywhere on land or beside a body of water, or may concern a small cluster of houses, a single building and its grounds, or something as extensive as a small community built in a single operation).

-“A site in its own right is a living, changing community of plants and animals.” Such a community also has its own interests that should be conserved, preserved or protected.

-Knowledge of the site is vital in planning especially in mitigating competing or conflicting interests between potential users and existing occupants to avert natural disasters such as severe erosion, water intrusion, flooding, a drop in the water table, etc.

- The site and its intended purpose are closely interrelated

- Understanding the site to define or establish the essential character or nature of the site or “the spirit of the place” (genius loci) to maintain, to some degree, a continuity of the preexisting conditions within the locale. Every place has a character, which may include the wider landscape or may be local to a street or village.

- A sufficient knowledge and understanding of the nature of the site would make the planner much conscious and sensitive to the site’s distinct character and “closely knit” complexity “as to be worthy of his interest, concern and even his affection.”
- Understanding the site has two branches – one oriented to the users’ and the other to the site itself.





Objectives of Site Planning

Site planning is concerned with the environment around buildings, open spaces within the built environment and areas which are non-agricultural.
- It provides a means of identifying and understanding problems that arise from the relationship between man and the land.
- Decide the best location of each land use and each activity at site.
- Who are to use the land, what activities they are likely to want to do there and what sort of environment is required if the users have to get a high level of satisfaction out of participating in site planning
- How analysis of the site’s environment (physical/social/ environmental/ cultural/political) are required by each activity could be used to decide which part of the site can stay the same, which parts need to be changed and what these changes aim to achieve. (impacts)
- How to influence the appearance of the site by developing appropriate landscape types and using suitable landscape management methods. (methods/environmental quality)
- How to work out the details of what should happen on a given area of land; how it should happen & what it will cost to implement and manage the project on the area of land.
Essence of Site Planning

According to Beer, the essence of site planning allows all concerned stakeholders to think systematically through the whole range of issues that relate to deciding what should happen on an area of land (site planning is multi-dimensional / multi-stakeholder / multi-sectoral activity)

- no one particular viewpoint is considered
- “holistic viewpoint”
- “multi-dimensional” viewpoint
- “comprehensive” viewpoint

- Think through all the problem that are likely to be associated with developing the site or changing its use.

- Site planning attempts to consider the site in relation to the interest of society as a whole as well as those of the developer/client when determining what activities should or should not happen on land with the least possible adverse effect on the environment as a whole.





- Economic / social issues factored in to accommodate the interest of developer, politicians especially.
- ultimate decision-maker would be the developer guided by
a. policy – CLUP, laws, ordinances
b. systems and procedures / dev’t control
c. financial / economic constraints
d. market demand
- focus more on the analysis of the physical / natural environment to determine constraints to land development / building development.


- To ensure that necessary expansive solutions are not chosen


- Site planning can help to reduce long term management cost associated with operating on a site.

When to do Site Planning?



- A client has an intended use in mind (the project has been identified) and has identified a site (site is available). The site planner proceeds with the planning process.

- A client has an intended use in mind (the project has been identified) but does not know where to build the project (site is not yet available). In this case, a site planner is commissioned to identify an appropriate site based on the needs of the client and plan the property.

- A client has a piece of property (the site is available) but does not know what to do with it (the project has not been identified). In this case, a site planner is commissioned to determine the best use for the property and plan it.


Site Planning Process

- A thorough assessment of the natural environment and the associated physical characteristics of the site and its surroundings.


- A detailed analysis of the users and their requirements in terms of facilities for each activity and the sort of environment needed to enable the activity to take place (environmental setting) with the maximum possible user satisfaction.


- An assessment of the potential of the site, based on the relationship between the physical characteristics of the site and the user requirements.


- An assessment of possibilities for changing the physical characteristics of the site to make a better match between the users and the site.


- Assessing the impact on the natural and visual environments of any changes to the physical aspects of the site.


- Proposing a plan for the site which is a balance between man’s requirements and the need to ensure the conservation and enhancement of the natural environment.


Stages in the Production of a Site Plan

(As a cycle of events, site planning generally involves a sequence of stages that begins when a developer or client of the site planner decides to develop a site to the production of design briefs. The flow chart below summarizes the general process taken in the production of a site plan - Beer, 1990) 1. Client wants to develop a site

2. Technical Team assembled

3. Key Issues Identified

4. Alternative Site Examined

5. Discussions with local planners/stakeholders

6. SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT

7. Present and Future Needs

8. Site Potential Assessed

9. Environmental Policies

10. Alternative Development Concepts Examined

11. SITE PLAN

12. Planning Approval sought by client

13. Design and Management Briefs developed


Site Inventory and Assessment

- Involves a thorough assessment of the natural environment and the associated physical characteristics of the site and its surroundings.

- Such factors are found above, below, and on the ground; make up the nature of the site;


- Knowing these factors and their interrelationships enables one to determine site constraints (threats) and potentials (opportunities).


- Knowledge of constraints and threats can mitigate or minimize potential damage or adverse effects that site development may cause on the ecological (i.e., physical/biological) and social fabric within the site or within the general vicinity of the site.


- Knowledge of the potentials and opportunities of the site can clarify, reveal or enhance the nature of the site as well as the plan or design.

Data/Information Required in Preparing a Site Profile

- Site Inventory and Assessment require the collection of comprehensive and structured sets of data descriptive of the geo-physical, biological and social environment in the site and around the site. A site profile is the outcome of this activity.

Why Prepare a Site Profile?

- For planners, it provides information on the status and characteristics of the various aspects of the environment which are indicative of the potentials and weaknesses of a particular area.


- For decision makers, the site profile provides information on the environment needed in the formulation of policies, strategies or business decisions pertaining specifically to the area or to the environment in general.

- For those concerned with the assessment and monitoring of the environment, the site profile provides benchmark information on the environment with which various scenarios can be drawn up with the introduction of particular development project(s).


In general, the Site Profile is a valuable tool:


- In making better decisions and trade-offs for more rational or sustainable development.

- In taking stock of or assessing the status of the environment of an area as of a given time.

- In providing information on the environment for consideration in project planning and development as well as for monitoring and evaluation of a project’s impact on the environment;

- In preparing and evaluating the Initial Environmental Examination or the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA); and

- In providing information for the purposes of management and conservation of the environment

Description and Basis of Site Layout

Given the project’s general location, it is often desirable to draw up a site master plan to indicate the spatial arrangement of the various facilities and show the allocation of spaces to the different activities involved.
- Such plan will help ensure that the most functionally efficient layout, compatible with an acceptable standard of environmental quality is obtained.
- Site and land use planning involves, firstly, a consideration of various developmental purposes.
- A sieve map which grades the various sections of the area according to the degree of physical difficulty in developing them, is helpful in allocating the land for different uses.
- From this map can be noted the areas with steep slopes, low-lying sections liable to flooding, areas with weak subsoil, etc. and other sections that restrict development except at high cost.
- At the same time, areas easily suitable for various developmental uses can be shown.

















Tuesday, July 22, 2008

June 2008 Architecture Board Exam Results

The results of the architecture board exam held last June 2008 were released today by the PRC Board of Architecture.

Initial list of successful examinees from PUP are the following:
Biblanias, Norian
Espino, Edward
Flores, Patrick
Leano, Teejay
Mania, Raymundo
Nical, Juselle
Ordonez, Francis
Perez, Charlie
Punzal, Kathleen
Ramos, Lawrence
Talamayan, Faye
Tan, Wea
Ulay, Bryan
Ureta, Belman
Vivar, Grace
Ochoa, Kathleen
Orlanes, Nylene
Santos, Lalyn (formerly Arbiol)

Meron pa kaya dagdag?
Anyway, congratulations to all. Sige magpakayaman na kayo at huwag niyo kalimutan alma mater ninyo ha?

Tuesday, June 10, 2008

MODULE 4: Planning 3 History Part 3

PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES:

PRE-COLONIAL TIMES:

Like other cities in the world the earliest Filipino communities developed out of the need for their inhabitants to band together.

They were formed for security, or to be close to critical resources like food and water. Most of the earliest towns were by the coast for the fisherfolk or were where there was abundant agricultural land for the farmers.

The basic socio-political unit was the barangay, consisting of 30 to 100 families; decentralized; located along coast lines and riverbanks; agricultural and fishing villages

SPANISH COLONIAL TIMES:

Manila became capital

1573 – Laws of the Indies pronounced by King Philipp II – Spanish town planning influenced by the Romans and the Piazza planning of Italian Renaissance

1596 – spatial segregation along racial and social lines – Indios and Chinese have separate districts; Parian or market – spatial concentration of merchants and artisans to regulate the exchange of goods

1600s to 1700s – process of Hispanization through the founding of cabeceras (poblaciones) and visitas (barrios); natives living on the unplanned fringes of the neighborhood; debajo de las campanas

Laws of the Indies:
- In 1573, King Philip II proclaimed the Laws of the Indies that established uniform standards and planning procedures for colonial settlements.
- These laws provided guidelines for site selection, layout and dimensioning of streets and squares, the location of civic and religious buildings, open space, cultivation and pasturing lands, and even the main procedural phases of planning and construction.

The Plaza Complex:
- a result of several ordinances of the Laws of the Indies.
- The plaza is surrounded by important buildings such as the Catholic church, municipal hall, Marketplace and merchant’s stores, elementary school, the homes of the “principalia”, and other government buildings

Intramuros - the walled City of Manila
- 1.2 sq. KM in area; perimeter is 3.4 KM
- home of the Spanish (except for the friars & the high ranking officials)
- decentralization occurred and settlements were built in Malate, San Miguel, and Paco, among other areas

early 1600s – Manila became the first primate city in Southeast Asia.

1650 – chapels or small churches in the cabecera were built to attract tenacious natives from the barrios (hinterlands) through fiestas and processions

1790s – opening of the Manila- Acapulco galleon trade; emergence of semi-urban places in the provinces

1850s-late 1800s – Chinese dominated central commercial business districts in al settlements; commercial shops on the ground floors of centrally located houses; no more spatially segregated peripheral clusters of Chinese.; decentralized residential pattern for Spaniards

THE AMERICAN PERIOD:

1890s – other port cities continue to become regional urban centers; bridges were built along postal routes facilitating transport in Luzon.

1903 – City of Manila was incorporated covering Intramuros and 12 fast-growing suburban towns.

The American Agenda:
- guide urban growth and physical development
- put more emphasis on other values such as sanitation, housing, and aesthetic improvements.

1905 – Manila and Baguio Plans of Daniel Burnham introduced the City Beautiful western type of town planning.

Burnham’s Design for Manila:
- Designed with grand avenues & a strong central civic core
- Included a civic mall to house national buildings (only the Finance
&Agriculture buildings were built)
- Fronted Manila Bay like most Baroque plans fronted a large body of water

1910 – rebuilding of settlements complete with hygiene and sanitary facilities and drainage systems called sanitary barrios.

1920s - Barrio Obrero or the working class district evolved as government response to the needs of low-income labor families in urban areas.

1928 – zoning ordinance for Manila promulgated but took effect only in 1940; zoning became popular in America in the 1920s.

Manila as the First Chartered City:
- On July 31, 1903, by virtue of Act No. 183, the city of Manila was incorporated
- Manila encompassed Intramuros, and the towns of Binondo, Tondo, Sta. Cruz, Malate, Ermita, Paco, and Pandacan.
- The population then was 190,000 people

Growth of Manila:
The Arrabales
Quiapo- the illustrado territory; the enclave of the rich and powerful. Also the manifestation of folk religiosity.
Binondo- the trading port developed by the Chinese and Arabs
Sta. Cruz- the main commercial district with swirls of shops, movie houses, restaurants, etc.
San Nicolas- also a commercial town built by the Spanish with streets of “specialized” categories (i.e. ceramics, soap, etc.)
Sampaloc- centered on two churches (Our Lady of Loreto and Saint Anthony of Padua). Also known as the first “University Town”.

FURTHER SUBURBANIZATION:

After the war - RA 333 designated Quezon city as new Capital and master planning it by the Capital City Planning Commission.

In 1939, Commonwealth Act No. 457, authorized the transfer of the capitol to an area of 1572 hectares

A master plan of Quezon City was completed in 1941 by Architects Juan Arellano, Harry T. Frost, Louis Croft, and Eng. A.D. Williams

“City beautiful” plan reflected the aspirations of an emerging nation and the visions of a passionate leader

Constitution Hill:
- In 1946, a search committee was formed to find a new site
- a 158 ha area in the Novaliches watershed was selected and called Constitution Hill and National Government Center
- The three seats of government were to form a triangle at the center of the complex
- It included a 20 hectare civic Space referred to as the Plaza of the Republic

1950s - National Planning Commission (later on as NEDA) was established.

RA 2264 – local Autonomy Act of 1959 empowered LGUs to enact zoning ordinances and subdivision rules; all towns and cities required to form planning boards to craft development plans under the guidance of the NPC

1987 Constitution and Local Government Code of 1991 – devolved powers to LGUs; local autonomy; developments plans under the supervision of NEDA.

HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS:

Philippine Homesite and Housing Corporation
- Precursor of the National Housing Authority
- Built homes for the masses (“the projects”, i.e. proj.4, proj. 6, etc.)

Philamlife Homes
- icon of middle class suburbanization
- Master Plan designed by Architect and Planner, Carlos P. Arguelles, based on suburban developments in California with modifications

BLISS (bagong lipunan sites and services)
- Walk-up developments for government sector

MODULE 4: Planning 3 History Part 2

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:

The “Owenite Communities”:
- New Harmony, Indiana, USA by Owens, Jr.
- Brook Farm, Massachusetts, by a group of
New England Planners
- Icarus, Red River, Texas, by Cabet
(eventually, Cabet joined the Mormons in laying out Salt-lake City, Utah)
- Bournville, outside Birmingham built by chocolate manufacturer George Cadbury
- Port Sunlight, in the Mersy built by William Lever

Tony Garnier, 1868-1948 (Une Cite Industrielle )
- like Howard’s garden city, was to be a self- contained new settlement with its own industries and housing close by.
- Locational features may have been a precursor to modern zoning
- Ideas and theories adopted by Dutch Architect JJP Oud in the design of
Rotterdam

THE CONSERVATIONISTS AND THE PARK MOVEMENT:

Frederick Law Olmstead - Believed that cities should be planned two generations ahead; maintain sufficient breathing space, be constantly renewed and that suburban design should embrace the whole city.
- Use of open space as element of urban system; despoilment of land through landscape system; urban park as an aid to social reform.

THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT:

Ebenezer Howard
Author of “Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Social Reform
- “Garden City of Tomorrow” – one of the most important books in the history of urban planning.

cluster with a mother town of 58,000 to 65,000 with smaller “garden cities” of 30,000 to 32,000 each with permanent green space separating the cities with the towns serving as horizontal fence of farmland; rails and roads would link the towns with industries and nearby towns supplying fresh food.

Idea of Howard:
• all of the industry was decentralized deliberately from the city or at least from its inner sectors.
• new town was built around the decentralized plant.
• Combining working and living in a healthy environment.
• the first garden cities.

Who influenced Howard?:
EDWARD GIBBON WAKEFIELD had advocated the planned movement of population.
JAMES SICK BUCKINGHAM- developed the idea of a model city.
ALFRED MARSHALL- invented the idea of the new town as an answer to the problems of the city.

Howard advocated the concept of ‘Social City’ – polycentric settlement, growth without limit, surrounded by a greenbelt; town grows by cellular addition into a complex multi-centered agglomeration of towns set against a green background of open country.

The 3 magnets in his paradigm depicted both the city and the countryside had a indisoluble mixture of advantages and disadvantages – the city has the opportunities offered through jobs and urban services of all kinds, which resulted in poor natural environment; the countryside offered an excellent natural environment but virtually no opportunities of any kind

Garden City combined the advantages of the town by way of access and all the advantages of the country by way of the environment without any of the disadvantages of either. Achieved by planned decentralization of workers and their places of employment thus transferring the advantages of urban agglomeration en bloc to the new settlement.

The Garden City Association
• established by Howard in 1899

Letchworth:
first Garden City designed by Raymond Unwin & Barry Parker in 1902
- Consisted of 4,500 acres (3000 for agriculture, 1500 for city proper)

Welwyn, 1920 (by Louis de Soisson) - brought formality and Georgian taste

Followers of Howard:
SIR FREDERICK OSBORNE
RAYMUND UNWIN
BARRY PARKER
- Hampstead Garden Suburbs opened in 1907
meant only for housing but with a variety of housing types lined along streets with terminating axes on civic buildings in a
large common green
- Wythenshawe - called the 3rd garden city meant only for housing but with a variety of housing types lined along streets with terminating axes on civic buildings in a large common green

Modifications on Howard’s principles:
- Background of open space instead of greenbelts (adaptation of inter-urban railway)
- Dividing the town into clearly articulated neighborhood units

Ernst May
Germany city planner and architect

Ernst May (1886-1970), developed a series of satellite towns (Trabantenstadte) on open land outside the built-up limits, and separated from the city proper by a green belt.

May combined uncompromising use of the then new functional style of architecture with a free use of low-ride apartment blocks, all set in a park landscape.

May's "brigade" of German architects and planners established twenty cities in three years, including Magnitogorsk

successfully applied urban design techniques to the city of Frankfurt, "one of the most remarkable city planning experiments in the twentieth century".

THE CITY BEAUTIFUL ERA (1900 to 1945)

Daniel Burnham – Father of American City Planning
spearheaded the movement with his design for Chicago and his famous words: “make no little plans…”
- Influenced by the world fairs of the late 19th century, like the 1891Columbian Exposition in Chicago
- Emphasis was on grand formal designs, with wide boulevards, civic spaces, arts, etc.
- Also credited for the designs of San Francisco and Cleveland

Golden era of urban design in the US; according to Burnham, city was totally designed system of main circulation arteries., a network of parks and clusters or focal buildings or building blocks of civic centers incl. City hall, a country court house, a library, an opera house, a museum, and a plaza

Total concentration on the monumental and on the superficial, on architecture as symbols of power, and an almost complete lack of interest on the wider social purposes of planning. Planning was intended to impress or for display.

Daniel Burnham wrote “Chicago Plan” but was heavily criticized & referred to as centro-centrist; based on business core with no conscious provision for business expansion in the rest of the city; planned as an aristocratic city for merchant princess; not in accord with the realities of downtown real estate development which demanded overbuilding and congestion; utopian
- castigated by Lewis Mumford as cosmetic, comparing Burnham’s approach with planning practiced in totalitarian regimes; approach ignored housing, schools & sanitation. According to Abercrombie, beauty stood supreme for Burnham, commercial convenience was significant but health and sanitation concerns were almost nowhere. Burnham’s plan devoted scant attention to zoning.

Baron George Eugene Hausmann- worked on the reconstruction of Paris- linear connection between the Place de Concord, Arc de Triomph, Eiffel Tower and others

THE URBAN THEORIST:

Constantine Doxiadis - Addressed problem of urbanization on a worldwide scale and his major designs have been made for countries where the economy and productive system can be coordinated by policy and decree such as the new developing countries of Africa and the MiddleEast.

Published his “Ekistics Grid” a system for recording planning data and ordering the planning process.
Approaches town planning as a science which includes planning and design as well as contributions from the sociologist, geographer, economist, demographer, politician, social anthropologist, ecologist, etc. all these he assembles into a total rational and human approach which he calls “Ekistics” – the science of human settlements.

THE NEW COMMUNITIES MOVEMENT (EARLY 1920s):

Clarence Stein, Lewis Mumford, Frederick Lee Ackerman

- Piecemeal development of residential communities on endless gridiron tracts was wasteful & unnecessary; practice of laying out block pattern streets prevented clustered community design & the interspersal of open and built-up spaces.
- One of the aims of the group was the creation of neighborhood centers and the physical delineation of neighborhood groups

Christopher Alexander
“a city is not a tree” - suggested that sociologically, different people had varied needs for local services & the privilege* of choice was paramount.

Alker Tripp
- assistant commissioner of police at London’s Scotland Yard.
- published a book called TOWN PLANNING & TRAFFIC.
- idea that after the war, cities should be reconstructed in the basis of PRECINTS.
- hierarchy of roads in which main arterial or sub arterial roads were sharply segregated from the local streets with only occasional access and also were free of direct frontage development.
- influenced Patrick Abercrombie and Forshaw (called for application of the PRECINTUAL PRINCIPLE to London.)

Clarence Stein - The Radburn Idea or “new town idea” was to create a series of superblocks (an island of greens, bordered by homes and carefully skirted by peripheral auto roads), each around open green spaces which are themselves interconnected. The greenways were the pedestrian ways.

The basic layout of the community introduced the ff:
- "super-block" concept
- cul-de-sac (cluster) grouping
- interior parklands
- and separation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic to promote safety.
Every home was planned with access to park walks.

TOWN & COUNTRY PLANNING OF BRITAIN:

The Neighborhood Unit
-book by Clarence Perry (1929)
-the embryo of NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT AREA- certain services which are provided everyday for groups of population who can’t or do not travel far, should be provided at an accessible central place for a small community w/in walking distance.
-defined as the physical environment wherein social, cultural, educational,
and commercial are within easy reach of each other
-he discussed the idea of organized towns into cohesive neighborhoods which was applicable not only to new towns but to large city areas.
- concerns self sustainability of smaller units
- Principle based on the natural catchment area of community facilities such as primary schools and local shops. the elementary school as the center of development, determines the size of the neighborhood

THE REGIONAL CITY:

Patrick Geddes - “Survey before plan
- The answer to the sordid congestion of the giant city is a vast program of regional planning within which each sub-regional part would be harmoniously developed on the basis of its own natural resources with total respect for the principles of ecological balance and resource renewal. Cities in the scheme became subordinate to the region; old cities and new towns alike would grow just as necessary parts of the regional scheme.
- Planning must start with a survey of the resources of such a region and of human responses to it, and of the resulting complexities of the cultural landscape; emphasis on survey method.
- Wrote “Cities in Evolution” (1915); coined the term “conurbation” which meant conglomeration of town aggregates; describing the waves of population to large cities followed by overcrowding and slum formation, and the wave of backflow; the whole process resulting in amorphic sprawl, waste and unnecessary obsolescence; stressed social basis of the city – concerned with the relationship between people and cities and how they affect one another;

Stages in the creation of conurbation:
Inflow - build-up - backflow(central slums) - sprawling mass (central blight)

THE REGIONAL CITY:

Patrick Abercrombie
- most notable professional planner in Britain in the Anglo American period.
- most notable contribution to planning to a wider scale: the scale which region around it in a single planning exercise.
- did the Greater London Plan 1944

Lewis Mumford
- Geddes Follower
- wrote CULTURE OF CITIES, the Bible of regional planning movement

P.G.F. Le Play
-stressed the intimate and subtle relationship between human settlement and the land through the nature of local economy.
PLACE-WORK-FOLK
Le Play’s famous triad- was the fundamental study of men living and on their land; social-survey method of determining relationships of the family and worker to the environment.

MODERN ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING:

Charles-Eduoard Jeanneret - Popularly known as Le Corbusier.

- His most outstanding contribution as a thinker and writer was an urban planner on the grand scale.

- the most notable are his Unite’ d’ Habitation (1946-52) at Marseilles in France, a self-contained 'vertical city', with modular housing units for 1600 people, internal streets and community services.

In 1933, proposed “La Ville Radieuse (Radiant City)” anchored on objective to decongest the centers of our cities by increasing their densities by building high on small part of the total ground area. Accordingly, every great city must rebuild on centers

Le Corbusier also conceptualized Le Contemporaine, high-rise offices and residential buildings with a greenbelt for a population of 3,000,000 people

Last of the City Beautiful planners, he commented that it was hard to build a City Beautiful amidst the confusion of democracy and the market.

Chandigarh
Capital of Punjab province of India, and the only realized plan of Le Corbusier: criticized for shifting from a planning style to an architectural style, meaning a shift towards the preoccupation with visual form, symbolism, imagery, and aesthetics rather than the problems of the Indian population; plan was completely impervious to economic and human considerations.
- A regular grid of major roads for rapid transport surrounding residential superblocks or sections each based on the rectangle and measuring 800x1200 meters
- The whole plan represents a large scale application of the Radburn principle regularized by Le Corbusier’s predilection for the rectilinear and the monumental.

Two important books- The City of Tomorrow (1922) and The Radiant City;
small number of propositions:
- traditional city has become functionally obsolete, due to increasing size and increasing congestion at the centre. As the urban mass grew through concentric additions, more and more strain was placed on the communications of the innermost areas, above all the central business district, which had the greatest accessibility and where all business wanted to be.
- the paradox that the congestion could be cured by increasing the density. There was a key to this, of course: the density was to be increased at one scale of analysis, but decreased at another. Locally, there would be very high densities in the form of massive, tall structures; but around each of these a very high proportion of the available ground space- Corbusier advocated 95%- could and should be left open.
- concerned the distribution of densities within the city.
- argued that this new urban form could be accommodate a new and highly efficient urban transportation system, incorporating both rail lines and completely segregated elevated motorways, running above the ground level, though, of course, below the levels at which most people lived.

- he did teach planners in general the importance of scale in analysis.
- his insistence on the elementary truth that dense local concentrations of people helped support a viable, frequent mass-transportations system.

BRASILIA
- capital of Brazil and a completely new twentieth-century city, the biggest planning exercise of the 20th century
- designed by Lucio Costa with a lot of influence from Le Corbusier, his plans or schemes did not include a single population projection, economic analyses, land use schedule, model or mechanical drawing, yet it was awarded to him; plan did not attempt to resolve pedestrian-vehicle conflicts. Unplanned city grew up beside the planned one.
• with two huge axes in the sign of the cross, one for gov’t, commerce, and entertainment, the other for the residential component
Oscar Niemeyer was among the architects employed to design the buildings

Frank Lloyd Wright
In the 1930s, he wrote the “The Disappearing City” and later “Broadacres” – proposing that every family live on an acre of land and where the city would be built by its inhabitants using mass-produced components; this met difficulties in land supply and logistics as the population increased.

“Broadacres”
- it was desirable to preserve the sort of codependent rural life of the homesteaders.
- that mass car would allow cities to spread widely into countryside.
- homes would be connected by super highways.
Easy and fast travel by car to any direction.
- he anticipated “out- of-town shopping center”

Problems with lack of land lead to his design of the Mile High Tower.
• Proposed to house a significant amount of Manhattan residents to free up space for Greenfields
• 10 or more of these could possibly replace all Manhattan buildings

URBAN RENEWAL:

Jane Jacobs - Wrote the “The Death and Life of the Great American Cities” – one of the most influential books in the history of city planning.
- She argued that there was nothing wrong with high urban densities of people so long as they did not entail overcrowding in buildings. She prescribed keeping the inner-city neighborhood more or less as it was before the planners had got their hands on it. It should have mixed functions and therefore land uses to ensure that people were there for different purposes, of different time schedules, but using many facilties in common. Dense concentrations of people and residents, mixed blocks of different age and conditions resulted in the “yuppification” of the city.


RADICAL IDEAS:

The Arcology Alternative - the 3D city by Paolo Soleri

Motopia - proposed by Edgar Chambless (Vehicular traffic will be along rooftops
of a continuous network of buildings, while the streets will be for pedestrian use only)

Science Cities - Proposed by the “metabolism group”; visionary urban designers that proposed underwater cities, “biological” cities, cities in pyramids, etc.

The Floating City - Kiyonori Kikutake

The Barbican City - a 63 acre area. mixed used development that was built in response to the pressures of the automobile. An early type of Planned Urban development that had all amenities in one compound with multi-level circulation patterns.
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